Flat Fritillaria, also known as Pingbei, is a perennial herb belonging to the Liliaceae family, and its bulbs are widely used in traditional medicine. It is renowned for its ability to clear heat, soothe the lungs, relieve coughs, and reduce phlegm. As a commonly used TCM ingredient, it shares a botanical family with Fritillaria cirrhosa and Amygdalus, yet it has distinct medicinal properties. This plant is mainly found in the three northeastern provinces of China, particularly in Tonghua, Jilin Province, where production is at its highest. A smaller population can also be found in the Muji region within our county.
The cultivation of Flat Fritillaria has a long history, and many areas now engage in commercial farming due to its high profitability. As an early spring plant, it thrives in cool and humid climates, and is sensitive to dryness and heat. It begins to sprout when the soil temperature reaches 2–4°C, and grows vigorously at 13–16°C. The growth cycle of Fritillaria sibirica is relatively short—about 60 days from emergence to withering—so it requires consistent moisture, well-drained soil, and fertile, loose black oil sand or yellow sand soil. Areas that are prone to drought, low-lying, clay-heavy, or sandy soils are not ideal for its growth.
Cultivation techniques involve careful planning and management. For seed propagation, plants need 4–5 years to mature. Proper fertilization and irrigation are essential, and support structures like straw or branches should be placed beside the plants to prevent them from bending. Flowering is strong, and by late May, the above-ground parts may wither while the fruit remains unripe. At this stage, the fruits should be collected, stored in a ventilated area, and dried until they turn yellow and split open. The seeds can then be sown.
Site selection is crucial. Deep, loose, and fertile soil with good drainage, such as humus-rich loam or sandy loam, is ideal. Avoid saline-alkali or heavy clay soils. It's best to locate fields near water sources for irrigation. In spring, after the ground thaws, the soil should be deeply turned and prepared. The planting beds should be 1–1.2 meters wide with a 50 cm work channel. Topsoil is removed and compacted to form a firm base, which aids in harvesting and nutrient retention. A 5–7 cm layer of base fertilizer, such as pig manure or horse dung, is applied, along with superphosphate. The fertilizer must be fully composted and sieved before application.
Field management includes weeding, fertilization, and bud removal. Weeds should be manually removed without damaging the bulbs, and 2–3 weeding sessions are recommended during the growing season. Pre-emergence herbicides like simazine or atrazine can be applied. Fertilization involves using decomposed manure, avoiding alkaline substances. Two fertilizer applications are typically made: one after the first harvest and another in mid-May. Irrigation is important, especially after fertilizing.
Pest and disease control is essential. Rust appears as yellow spores on leaves and stems, spreading via wind. Control methods include spraying 250 times diluted sodium sulfite or 25% triadimefon solution. Bulb rot occurs in high humidity or dense plantings; prevention involves proper drainage and treating bulbs with formalin before planting. Underground pests like crickets and grubs can be controlled with trichlorfon solutions.
Harvesting takes place 2–3 years after planting, usually in late May to early June. Careful excavation is needed to avoid damage. After harvesting, bulbs are graded and either processed or replanted. Fresh yield per mu ranges from 500 to 750 kg.
Processing involves washing and drying. One method uses hydrated lime, placing the bulbs on a mat and drying for 4–5 days. Another method involves layering with slaked lime, ensuring even drying without exceeding 40°C. Once dry, the bulbs are sifted and stored in bags. This meticulous process ensures quality and maintains medicinal value.
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