White-tailed shrimp, scientifically known as *Litopenaeus vannamei*, are widely farmed due to their fast growth, adaptability, and high market value. These shrimp inhabit coastal and shallow marine environments, showing strong environmental tolerance. They thrive in temperatures ranging from 2°C to 39°C and can survive in salinities between 3 and 30 parts per thousand (ppt). However, they prefer brackish water for optimal growth. Despite their resilience, white-tailed shrimp have poor tolerance to low oxygen levels; when dissolved oxygen drops below 1 mg/L, they may suffocate and die.
In terms of diet, white-tailed shrimp are omnivorous, consuming both animal and plant matter. Their short growth cycle—typically 2 to 3 months to reach commercial size—makes them an attractive option for aquaculture. In three years, a single generation can be raised multiple times, depending on the farming system. Breeding is also highly efficient; females can spawn almost year-round, with each mature female carrying between 300 and 2500 eggs. The breeding season usually occurs during spring, summer, and autumn, allowing for up to 10 reproductive cycles per year.
For successful farming, suitable ponds are essential. Seawater ponds, especially those located near the coast with lower salinity and rich natural resources, are ideal. Ponds should be free from pollution, with minimal silt accumulation, and ideally cover an area of 15 to 25 mu (about 1 to 1.7 hectares). A well-designed drainage system, including a central ditch with deeper water, helps manage water levels and improve water quality. Water depth in the main pond should be 0.5 to 0.8 meters, while the ring ditch should be around 1.5 meters deep.
Seedling management is crucial for sustainable production. Natural seedlings can be collected by carefully managing pond gates during harvest or using fine-mesh nets to capture young shrimp in nearby waters. Artificial seedlings are often produced by enriching the pond with fertilizers to promote plankton growth, providing a natural food source. Farmers typically leave mature shrimp in the pond after harvesting to ensure continuous breeding. During winter, special care is taken to maintain water quality and feed with egg yolk, soy milk, and other nutrient-rich substances to support early-stage development.
Polyculture systems are common, where white-tailed shrimp are raised alongside crabs and shellfish like clams or mussels. This practice not only increases overall yield but also improves economic returns. White-tailed shrimp often make up one-third of the total output, and their non-seasonal availability allows for more flexible harvesting.
Feeding should be consistent, with daily rations of small fish, shrimp, wheat bran, or specialized feeds. The amount varies based on shrimp size, water temperature, and environmental conditions. Early-stage shrimp require higher feeding rates, gradually decreasing as they grow. In colder months, feeding stops when water temperatures drop below 5°C.
Predator control is another key aspect. Harmful fish such as Chinese Wutang, Ni fish, and scorpionfish must be removed regularly. Methods like tea cakes, traps, and manual removal are effective in maintaining a safe environment for shrimp.
Water quality management is critical. Key parameters include pH (7.8–8.6), salinity (8–26 ppt), dissolved oxygen (≥5 mg/L), ammonia nitrogen (<0.5 mg/L), and hydrogen sulfide (<0.1 mg/L). Regular water exchanges—every 3–4 days, with 10–20% replacement—are necessary, increasing to 20–40% during hot seasons. Microbial additives like photosynthetic bacteria and zeolite powder help maintain a healthy aquatic environment.
Daily monitoring is essential. Farmers should inspect ponds twice a day, checking for feeding behavior, shrimp color, and structural integrity. Environmental factors like temperature, salinity, and pH should be measured regularly, and all data should be recorded in production logs.
Harvesting occurs when shrimp reach 5–6 cm in length. Two methods are commonly used: trapping with shrimp cages or directing them into cone-shaped nets during water drainage. Timely harvesting ensures better market value and reduces overcrowding in the pond.
Overall, white-tailed shrimp farming requires careful planning, regular maintenance, and attention to detail to achieve high yields and profitability.
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