Traditional single-cell algae cultivation involves creating bait chambers and following a seed preservation-inoculation-expansion-production process. This method ensures pure-seed production and avoids contamination from pests like protozoa. While seedlings are essential, for crustacean larvae such as crabs, using open ponds to culture unicellular algae is more economical and practical. These larvae are less vulnerable to protozoa and do not require pure strains of microorganisms. Instead, a diverse community of algae and small amounts of microzooplankton often provides better nutrition and quality. Since pond algae, water, and airborne spores are abundant, there's no need for external introduction—selecting the right breeding pond with minimal human intervention can lead to success. First, general proliferation: 1. Selecting the right pool is crucial. Old pools with thick sediments are ideal because they contain many "algae species" and nutrients that support spore growth. However, these pools may also harbor dormant eggs of filter-feeding zooplankton, which could pose a risk. It’s best to choose fertile water bodies with fewer predators. Large shrimp or catfish ponds are good options. Avoid using long-standing pools with bottom-dwelling fish, as they may not be suitable. The size and depth depend on the target organism, but avoid leaking ponds. 2. Cleaning the pond with lime (freshwater) or bleach (saltwater) is standard practice. Drained ponds are preferable as they reduce the amount of chemicals needed and promote rapid algal growth by better utilizing water fertility. According to research, drained ponds show faster recovery than non-drained ones. 3. Water source selection matters. Deep wells or groundwater are preferred due to lower predator and debris content. If natural water is used, it should be sterilized or filtered through a 150-mesh sieve. The depth of water injection depends on the target species, but shallow to moderate depths are ideal for algal reproduction and water quality control. 4. After clearing the pond, the ammonia nitrogen level can reach up to 3.88 mg/L without fertilization, and active phosphorus can be around 0.18–0.22 mg/L. This means that within a week, the pond can naturally support algal growth. However, as algae consume nutrients, fertilization should be considered after 7–8 days. The type and amount of fertilizer should be adjusted based on the culture object, using multiple small doses and combining inorganic and organic sources. 5. Controlling predators: Protozoa, rotifers, and crustaceans are major threats to algae. In well-managed ponds, these predators appear later and in smaller numbers. However, their spores or eggs can still spread via water, air, or tools. When infestations occur: - Crustaceans can be controlled with trichlorfon at 1 g/t. - Rotifers can be filtered using a 150-mesh sieve or treated with 1 ppm available chlorine, though this may temporarily affect algae. - Protozoa are harder to eliminate. Suction filtration works for larger species, while maintaining high dissolved oxygen and low organic matter helps limit their impact. Second, special group proliferation: In open-pool monoculture, achieving pure strains is difficult due to environmental complexity. However, certain ecological groups may thrive under specific conditions. For example, flagellate algae—such as chrysophytes, cryptophytes, and dinoflagellates—are easily digested by aquatic animals and play a key role in aquaculture. To cultivate them, ensure deep water (>1 m), use organic fertilizers, and control non-flagellate phytoplankton with zooplankton filters. For small non-flagellates, shallow, open ponds are better. They lack motility and tend to sink. Inorganic fertilizers are important, as these species rely on mineralized nutrients. Fish and algae polyculture can help maintain a balanced ecosystem. Cyanobacteria, such as Anabaena and Spirulina, have significant value despite some being toxic. They thrive in shallow water (30–50 cm), with higher phosphorus and lower nitrogen levels. Maintaining an alkaline environment (pH 8.5–9.5) with sodium hydrogen phosphate helps control predators and supports cyanobacterial growth. Third, identifying phytoplankton in aquaculture: Understanding the types and quantities of phytoplankton is crucial for managing water quality. Phytoplankton levels vary widely, from less than 1 mg/L to over 1000 mg/L. Levels between 20–100 mg/L are ideal for fish farming. High levels (over 400 mg/L) indicate poor water quality. Water blooms, caused by dominant phytoplankton species, can change water color. Dinoflagellate blooms are common, while cyanobacteria blooms like Microcystis are harmful. Diatom and green algae blooms are generally beneficial, while blue-green blooms are problematic. Fish farmers often judge water quality by its appearance—color, clarity, and movement. “Fat, live, tender, and cool†describes ideal water conditions. Fat refers to high phytoplankton density; live means daily changes in color and transparency; tender indicates young, growing algae; and cool suggests clear, clean water with few impurities. In conclusion, successful aquaculture requires understanding the balance of phytoplankton communities, controlling predators, and maintaining optimal water conditions. Real-time monitoring and adjustments ensure healthy growth and productivity.
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