Colostrum is a thick creamy yellow secretion (commonly known as "yellow milk") secreted by cows 5 to 7 days after their calving. Colostrum is not only rich in nutrients, but also contains substances that have laxative effects such as enzymes, antibodies, and immune bodies. Colostrum contains a large number of biologically active substances, mainly including some immunologically active substances such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, immune cells, and other unknown growth-promoting factors such as insulin-like growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor. Fibrous growth factors and platelet-derived factors. The milk that was secreted after more than 290 days was regular milk, which is the milk that we drink daily. Burdock and infants, like the baby, are still immature at the time of their immune function, and they are hard to face the tens of thousands of pathogens and toxins in the environment. Colostrum is the sacred product that protects the young calf's life.
The Effect of Colostrum on Growth and Development of Calves
The special role of colostrum New calves due to gastrointestinal empty, the fourth stomach and intestinal wall mucosa is not very developed, the resistance to bacteria is weak, and colostrum in the special function is to replace the role of intestinal mucosa, colostrum covered in Gastrointestinal walls can prevent bacteria from invading the bloodstream and increase resistance to disease. Colostrum and immunoglobulins in colostrum can kill a variety of pathogenic microorganisms and inhibit the activity of certain pathogens. K-Ag lectin can resist E. coli in special strains. After feeding colostrum, it can effectively prevent diarrhea caused by E. coli in calves in 3 weeks. The high acidity of colostrum can make gastric acid become acidic, which is not conducive to the derivation of harmful microorganisms, but it is conducive to the activation of the activity of digestive enzymes in the stomach and promote the improvement of gastrointestinal function as soon as possible. There are more magnesium salts in colostrum, which has laxative effect and can promote the elimination of meconium. Colostrum is rich in easily digestible nutrients, and can promote the secretion of large amounts of digestive juice in the fourth stomach. A large number of digestive enzymes can promote Gastrointestinal function is formed as soon as possible.
Improving Immunity Newly born calves are not immune. The immunomodulatory peptides, immunoglobulins, and other immune substances in colostrum can promote the production of T cells in the thymus, enhance immunity, and at the same time regulate and correct immune dysfunction, so that the violation of the body's immune viruses no longer appear. After calves eat colostrum, immunoglobulins are absorbed directly into the blood through the intestinal wall in an undigested state, giving the calves passive immunity.
Growth-promoting effect Colostrum is a source of nutrients and a carrier for biological growth of active substances. It can strengthen the body's metabolism, promote the synthesis of body tissues, and change the body's endocrine state. Milk-derived polypeptide factors are Yak's intestinal growth plays a major role.
Effect of feeding colostrum on calf mortality
Since the calf's death rate is relatively high, a comprehensive analysis of various causes revealed that calves did not eat colostrum in time and did not eat enough. Since the midwives and milkers are not one person, calves cannot eat colostrum when they are calving at night, and other calves are not born to eat. Because colostrum has a special salty taste, many calves are unwilling to eat and miss the time and quantity of colostrum. After solving the problem and promptly resolving it, the work of colostrum was strengthened, and the mortality rate of calves was greatly reduced.
Analysis of High Calf Death Caused by Insufficient Colostrum
The effect of colostrum absorption time The gastrointestinal tract is sterile when the animal is born. Once in contact with the external environment, the organism will grow and multiply in the digestive tract. Therefore, early eating colostrum is expected to make the growth of lactic acid and other beneficial bacteria prevail. If the colostrum intake is late or there is no colostrum intake, the gastrointestinal tract of the colostrum will be in an alkaline environment. The growth and reproduction of the beneficial bacteria will become passive due to the inhibition of harmful bacteria, and they will not grow and reproduce. The incidence of digestive diseases has also greatly increased. In addition, many harmful microorganisms enter the gastrointestinal tract, and they also compete with macromolecules in the colostrum for receptors on the intestinal mucosa and inhibit the absorption of biologically active substances in the colostrum.
The immunoglobulin in colostrum is a macromolecular substance that cannot be completely absorbed by the gut of young animals and adult animals. Although the natural heritability has the ability to absorb macromolecules in the intestine of newborn yak, the absorption of this colostrum antibody generally only exists for 24 hours and then drops sharply. After 24 hours, the yak's digestive tract begins to digest, Decompose the antibodies in the colostrum, so they can no longer be fully absorbed into the blood and the calf's chance of getting antibodies through the colostrum is lost. Therefore, any delay in the first few hours after the calf's birth will significantly reduce its absorption of antibodies, and the calf will completely lose its ability to absorb antibodies after 24 hours. Therefore, timely feeding of colostrum during the first few hours after the calf's birth is crucial. The antibodies in colostrum can clean the intestinal tract, saturate the absorption area of ​​the yak's intestine to macromolecules, and prevent pathogenic microorganisms from attaching to the intestinal wall, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of diarrhea in calves in the first few weeks. The fewer colostrums that calves consume, the less likely it is that they will receive antibodies through colostrum.
Physiological characteristics of newborn yaks The birth yaks have undergone great changes in physiology (such as nutrition, respiration and body temperature regulation), gradually adapting to the living environment outside the uterus from the living environment of the cow uterus, the body withstands the external environment In response to various stimuli, they responded gradually and gradually formed conditioned reflexes, thus maintaining their unity with the external environment. As the first few days after birth, the mucosa of the digestive tract is easily penetrated by bacteria, the protection of the skin is poor, and the nervous system response is slow. In particular, due to sudden changes in the living environment, although its own body temperature regulation function has been completed, its resistance to the outside temperature (cold) is still weak. Its critical temperature is 15°C, and it can be reduced to about 2°C after 12 weeks of age. There must be a transitional period for the environment to achieve complete reunification. During the transitional period, it is vulnerable to the invasion of many kinds of external pathogens and can easily cause the occurrence and death of diseases. When calves are born, the antibodies are macromolecular proteins that can be digested to enter the bloodstream through the wall of calf's small intestine. Yak's absorption rate of antibodies is 20% on average, but the change range is 6% to 4.5%. Absorption of antibodies The rate dropped sharply from 2 hours to 3 hours after birth. As the calf's digestion of the antibody increases, the permeability of the intestinal cells to the antibody decreases dramatically, and large protein molecules cannot enter the bloodstream through the intestinal wall. After 24 hours of birth, the calf will not be able to absorb intact antibodies (intestinal closure). If the calf cannot be given colostrum within 12 hours of birth, it will be difficult for the calf to gain sufficient immunity. After 24 hours of birth, Only calves who fed colostrums would have 50% of the calves that could not be protected because they could not absorb antibodies, so that many of these calves would die.
Colostrum not eaten early To protect the calf from disease, the concentration of antibodies in the blood should be at least 10 milligrams per milliliter of serum. According to research data, the relationship between the feeding time and the amount of feeding on yak mortality and the antibody concentration in the blood is very important. Only 1kg to 2kg of colostrum is fed within 12 hours of birth and 12 months after birth to obtain enough antibodies for the calves. If the colostrum is less than 2kg or the first feeding is delayed, there will be shortage of antibodies in the blood. .
Colostrum feeding technology
Feeding methods Once the yak's breathing is normal after delivery, the calf should be fed to colostrum in good time (preferably within 1 hour) and 5 kg in the next 24 hours to ensure adequate antibody protein levels. The optimum environment for newborn calves is 25°C. Therefore, thermal insulation, ventilation, light and good housing conditions should be given to gradually raise the ability of yaks to respond to the outside world. Calf colostrum fed to calves should be between 36 °C and 38 °C. To ensure that milk temperature can be warmed with a hot water bath, direct warming milk is easy to set. If milk is used to feed colostrum, it should be guided manually. Usually the person sticks his/her finger in the milk to allow the calf to suck. No matter what the tool is used for feeding, it must not be forcibly poured. Frail calves or calves that have been midwifery. Most of the first feedings are very weak and the amount of drink is small. They should have the patience to feed several times in a short time to ensure the necessary amount of colostrum. Should be fed for the second time after 4 hours to 5 hours, and then fed three times daily. The temperature during feeding is maintained at 35°C~38°C. The hypothermia colostrum must be warmed to prevent the yak's gastrointestinal motility and lead to diarrhea. Conversely, if the temperature is too high, the stomatitis may occur due to overstimulation, or the calf may refuse to eat colostrum. In the first lactation period of breastfeeding 1 hour to 2 hours, should drink warm water (35 °C ~ 37 °C) for water.
The amount of feeding should be different according to the weight of the calf, each time the amount required (1.25 kg to 2.5 kg), should be fed 3 times to 4 times within 24 hours, each feeding amount can not exceed the calf's stomach Volume (5% of body weight).
Disinfection feeding utensils Primordial milk can be cleaned with a clean bottle or a milk bucket. All containers must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before and after use to cut off the route of transmission of the bacteria. When raising calves, several points should be taken care of: selection of breeders; supplement of calves with drinking water; utensils used for milking of calves, should be carefully washed and disinfected with water above 40°C after each feeding.
Conclusion
The purpose of eating colostrum is to raise good cows, reduce costs and increase profits. A large number of experiments have proved that calves must eat colostrum in time after birth, and colostrum has a unique biological value for newborn calves through the early difficulties. Through colostrum, the quality of yaks can be enhanced, healthy and excellent herds can be obtained, the individual differences of herds can be reduced, and large clusters can be reduced to feed, the uneven feeding caused by individual differences can be reduced, the production efficiency can be improved, and the nutrition metabolism can be reduced. Disease, improve product quality, raise the level of feeding, reduce costs, increase production.
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