(I) Cultured Tilapia Species
Currently, there are 15 species of tilapia cultivated globally, with the main ones raised in China being the Mozambique tilapia, Nile tilapia, and the hybrid known as "longevity fish." These species have different growth rates, sizes, and physical characteristics that make them suitable for various aquaculture systems.
1. Mozambique Tilapia: This species typically reaches a maximum weight of 600–700 grams, but commercial products are usually harvested at 100–250 grams. It is smaller than the Nile tilapia and longevity fish and has a slower growth rate. Juvenile fish display 6–7 distinct black vertical stripes on their sides, which fade as they grow. During non-breeding periods, the body color is dark gray. In the breeding season, males turn dark green with red edges on their dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, while females remain gray-yellow with similar vertical markings that become less visible over time.
2. Nile Tilapia: This is one of the largest tilapia species, with some individuals reaching up to 5.5 kg in their native habitat. It grows rapidly, and fingerlings can reach 12 cm within a short period. By their first birthday, they can weigh around 700 grams. The body is generally yellow-brown with a silvery belly, and it has 8–10 black vertical stripes along its sides. Males have reddish edges on their anal and caudal fins, and their tail fins often feature 8–10 black vertical bands.
3. Longevity Fish (S. frugiperda): This is a hybrid resulting from crossing female Nile tilapia with male Mozambique tilapia. It resembles the Nile tilapia in appearance, with a dark greenish body color. It matures quickly, reaching sexual maturity within 100–150 days after hatching. As an omnivore, it primarily feeds on plankton and small organic particles. Its growth performance is excellent, with body weight exceeding that of the female parent by more than 100% and surpassing the male parent by about 20%. Some individuals can grow up to 1–2 kg, and the fastest growth occurs before reaching 300 grams, after which it slows down. Therefore, it is commonly marketed at 150–200 grams.
(b) Artificial Propagation of Tilapia
When breeding tilapia artificially, broodstock can be moved to outdoor ponds once the spring temperature rises to about 20°C. The breeding pond should be between 1–2 mu (approximately 0.67–1.33 acres) with a water depth of 1.5 meters. Since tilapia are nest-building fish, the pond bottom should consist of loam or sandy loam to support spawning behavior. Broodstock must be healthy, disease-free, and free from injuries, with weights ranging from 150 to 450 grams. A stocking density of 300–400 fish per mu is recommended, with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1 to 3:1. Tilapia mature early, have a short spawning cycle, and exhibit mouthbrooding behavior. They do not require strict environmental conditions and can spawn in small hydrostatic ponds. In the Yangtze River basin, Mozambique tilapia and longevity fish can sexually mature within 3–4 months after being released from wintering. After wintering, the broodstock may be underweight, so it's important to intensify feeding before spawning to promote gonad development. Every 1–2 days, 50 kg of organic fertilizer should be added, along with rice bran, soybean meal, and other commercial feeds. The feed amount should be about 3% of the broodstock’s body weight. Once the water temperature reaches 22–23°C, tilapia will begin to lay eggs. Fertilized eggs hatch inside the female’s mouth, and at 25°C, they typically hatch within 5–7 days. At this stage, the fry still remain in the mother’s mouth. When the yolk sac is absorbed and the fry develop swimming and feeding abilities, they leave the mother. At this point, small groups of fry can be seen near the pond’s edge, signaling the start of fry cultivation.
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