The mechanized technology of wheat production mainly includes mechanization techniques such as tillage, sowing, field management, harvesting, returning straw and other fields.
I. Mechanized tillage technology
After the harvest, the former crops were sun-dried in time, harvested and planted before sowing, and the soil was thoroughly ploughed to meet the requirements for sowing. Where conditions permit, deep-slug can be used instead of ploughing, with a depth of 25-30 cm deep to break the plow bottom layer and enhance soil water retention and soil conservation.
Second, mechanical sowing technology
According to the requirements of agronomic cultivation in our province, wheat sowing mainly includes three modes of conservation tillage technology, full-film cover soil sowing technology and wide-range precision seeding technology.
1. Conservation Tillage Technology
The appropriate amount of straw is used to cover the surface, and tillage can be reduced to ensure that the seeds germinate, and at the same time, weeds and pests and diseases can be controlled by drugs. The technology can reduce wind erosion and water erosion in the process of farming, reduce operation procedures and production costs, and achieve water-saving, drought-proof and increase production. The contents include straw mulching, no-tillage sowing, pine-turning and chemical weeding. Straw stubble cover technology and no-tillage sowing technique are the core technologies of conservation tillage, and use wheat no-tillage sowing machine or strip tillage tiller and fertilizer spreader to finish the process of ditching, sowing, fertilizing, soil covering and repression at one time. .
2. Mechanized technology of wheat seedling sowing
The technology changed the traditional open field sowing for full-film covering and membrane surface covering, changing the traditional film hole planting for 1 year as a continuous covering planting soil for 2 to 3 years, changing the traditional large sowing rate for precision sowing, and changing the human and livestock sowing The seed sowing machine sowing, including the entire ground tile mulching film, membrane surface cover sowing, leaving the film no-tillage more than three kinds of planting cultivation. This technology not only reduces the evaporation of soil moisture, but also utilizes seed holes for current collection, which enables efficient use of precipitation resources, good drought resistance, and high production efficiency. Generally covered with film cover fertilizer fertilizing hole seeding machine to complete the preparation, fertilization, film, cover soil, hole broadcast and many other operations. It is suitable for planting in the dry, semi-arid areas of Sichuan, Taiwan, and terraces with an annual rainfall of 200 to 450 cm.
3. Wide-range precision sowing mechanization technology for wheat This technique uses large and medium-sized tractors, supporting a wide-range precision seeder to increase the traditional broadcast amplitude (1 to 3 cm) of wheat to 6 to 12 cm, and to change traditional dense drills to wide broadcasts. The seed-dispersed seed-seeding method enables the distribution of quantitative wheat seeds within a unit area to be more uniform and more robust in individual development, achieving large spikes, multiple grains, and heavy grain weight, realizing the high yield of wheat. The technology has the advantages and features of precision seeding, post-suppression suppression, seedling protection, furrow irrigation, obvious water-saving effects, drought resistance, lodging resistance and other agronomic and agricultural integration. It is suitable for the semi-arid and semi-humid partial (easily) drought areas with an annual precipitation of 300-600 cm, as well as irrigated land and unprotected land. The wheat wide precision seeder can complete all processes such as fertilization, sowing, and suppression at one time.
Third, mechanical field management technology
1.Plant protection: spraying with sprayer sprayer, motorized sprayer, electric sprayer, agricultural aviation plant protection, etc., in order to avoid leakage or heavy spray.
2. Irrigation: Irrigation using low-pressure irrigation, drip irrigation, micro-spray irrigation and other water-saving irrigation techniques and equipment.
Fourth, mechanical harvesting, straw returning technology
Mechanical harvesting was used after the wheat matured. According to the actual selection of different types of wheat combine harvesters in various regions, in order to increase the quality of sowing and seedling emergence of the next crop, the wheat combine harvesters must be equipped with a straw crushing and spraying device to ensure that the straw is uniformly distributed on the surface. The harvesting time should be at the end of waxing, and at the same time the cutting height must not exceed 15 cm, and the harvesting loss rate should be less than 2%.
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