The emergence of molecular imaging is another milestone in the history of medical imaging. The Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Health, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China have paid great attention to the research of molecular medicine and molecular imaging. However, molecular imaging is just beginning, and it is extremely necessary for multidisciplinary cooperation, especially interdisciplinary exchanges and cooperation, to promote the smooth development of molecular imaging research.
Molecular imaging concept
Molecular imaging (molecular imaging) is the use of imaging methods show levels of tissue, cellular and sub-cellular levels of specific molecules, at the molecular level to reflect changes in physiological state, its biological behavior scientific qualitative and quantitative research in terms of image. Therefore, molecular imaging is the product of combining molecular biology techniques with modern medical imaging. Classical imaging diagnostics ( X- ray, CT , MR , ultrasound, etc.) mainly show the final effects of some molecular changes, with anatomy. Learning about altered diseases; molecular imaging studies the abnormalities of cells and molecules in the disease process by developing new tools, reagents, and methods, and detecting abnormalities before diseases with no anatomical changes, in order to explore the occurrence, development, and The outcome, in evaluating the efficacy of drugs, serves as a bridge between molecular biology and clinical medicine.
Molecular imaging significance
In terms of diagnosis, by imaging the key marker molecules in the process of tumorigenesis, a series of pathophysiological changes and characteristics such as the cause, occurrence and development of the disease can be directly observed in vivo, and not only the anatomical changes at the end of the disease are displayed; In terms of treatment, it can be inferred that there are no changes in some key marker molecules during the action of drugs. In drug development, molecular changes in drug therapeutic targets can be directly displayed in vivo by designing specific probes. By establishing a high-energy imaging analysis system, drug screening and development can be greatly accelerated; in the study of gene function analysis and gene therapy, a high-throughput gene function in vivo analysis system is established by designing a series of specific probes. It can display the abundance and action process of the gene in vivo in real time, and can also observe the expression efficiency of the target gene in vivo and directly evaluate the therapeutic effect. Currently mainly used in oncology, cardiovascular disease, nervous system and other aspects.
Principle of molecular imaging
Molecular imaging combines molecular biochemistry, data processing, nanotechnology, image processing and other technologies. Because of its high specificity, high sensitivity and high resolution of images, it can truly provide qualitative, localized and quantitative clinical diagnosis. data. It can be seen that molecular imaging is no longer a single technological change, but an integration of various technologies. There are three key factors in molecular imaging technology. The first is high-specific molecular probes, the second is suitable signal amplification technology, and the third is a detection system that can obtain high-resolution images sensitively. It integrates genetic information, biochemistry and new imaging probes into the human body, and uses it to label the "target" (another molecule) under investigation, and through molecular imaging technology, the "target" is amplified by precise imaging. The technology detects and then uses a series of image post-processing techniques to achieve the purpose of displaying biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels of living tissues, thereby enabling subclinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Difficulties in molecular imaging
At present, the most commonly used molecular imaging technology is nuclear medicine imaging technology, especially the molecular imaging research of PET is the most dynamic. In addition, MR imaging and MR spectroscopy ( MRS ), optical imaging, and infrared optical bulk layers are also used, and these imaging techniques have their own advantages and disadvantages. From the perspective of gene therapy alone, there are many problems that have not been resolved. Is genetic transduction or transfection successful? Is the transduced or transfected gene distributed to the target organ or target tissue, and is it optimally distributed? Can transgenic expression in the target or target tissue produce sufficient therapeutic effects? Are transduced or transfected genes localized to other organs or tissues at a sufficiently high level to induce unanticipated toxic reactions? What is the best time to transgene expression and the best time to start prodrug therapy when combined with prodrugs? How long does the transgene expression last in the target tissue or organ?
Molecular imaging requires interdisciplinary cooperation
It is also because of various advantages and disadvantages of various imaging technologies, and there are various difficulties. Therefore, cross-disciplinary and multi-angled intersections and cooperation are often required. This requires both life sciences to solve problems that need to be solved at the molecular level, as well as physics. The disciplines of chemistry, bio-digital, and informatics are adapted to the theory and technology of molecular imaging research and applied to this field. At the same time, it is necessary to combine the cutting-edge nano science and technology. However, the lack of multidisciplinary cooperation has become a bottleneck hindering the development of molecular imaging, especially the lack of exchanges and cooperation with related disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, and computer. For example, in the design, preparation and characterization of molecular probes, close cooperation between relevant experts such as bioengineering and biochemistry is required.
Therefore, interdisciplinary experts must first sit together and look for targets of common interest, which have clinical significance and early basis; common interests such as: MRI , CT , PET , ultrasound; should be concentrated in some aspects , such as antibodies. Secondly, in order to improve the efficiency of collaborative research, it is necessary to form a fixed research group, clarify the division of labor responsibility, and clarify the time node. The second is funding guarantee. And co-publish the respective focus of the article. Do all of the above require a written agreement? After clearing this out, it is possible to go forward better, otherwise the efficiency will not be high.
Talent training in molecular imaging
Grasping the development trend and characteristics of modern medical imaging, promoting the development of medical imaging in China, talent cultivation is the key. It is imperative to set up a reasonable medical imaging discipline system and cultivate new medical imaging talents according to the needs of the development of the discipline. Promote molecular imaging research programs in various fields. It is not only an advantageous research platform, but also an important way to transform basic research into clinical practice. In particular, radiologists are unfamiliar with this emerging interdisciplinary subject and the knowledge structure needs to be updated. Higher education is a hereditary territory for cultivating talents. However, medical imaging materials currently cover almost no molecular imaging. Compile relevant teaching materials, and include the basic principles, research methods, development trends and progress of molecular imaging in the basic training content. Among the radiologists, the emphasis is on the education of "basic dynamics" in the development of medical imaging, such as molecular biology, medical engineering, synthetic chemistry, and information science. Pay attention to the progress of life sciences and actively play the role of imaging medicine. National level molecular imaging academic institutions are not required to be established. Molecular imaging is one of the important contents of continuing education, and training and exchanges of related majors are carried out. Communication and cooperation with clinical disciplines should be carried out more extensively and deeper. Actively introduce high-quality talents from relevant disciplines to participate in molecular imaging research.
Molecular imaging evaluation
In molecular imaging, a key issue is how to objectively evaluate the effects of transmission and expression, especially in the body (animal or human). The methods currently showing gene expression are divided into two categories: invasive and no or minimally invasive. If you want to image specific molecules or (and) genes in your body, you must meet four prerequisites: high-affinity probes that have reasonable pharmacokinetic behavior in the body; these probes can penetrate biological metabolism. Barriers, such as blood vessels, mesenchymal tissue, cell membranes, etc.; chemical or biological signal amplification methods; sensitive, fast, high-resolution imaging techniques.
The influence of molecular imaging on imaging medicine
So far, the development of imaging medicine has gradually formed three main camps: classical medical imaging: X- ray, CT , MR , ultrasound imaging, etc., showing human anatomy and physiological functions; therapeutics based on interventional radiology Faction; molecular imaging: mainly based on MR , PET , optical imaging and small animal imaging equipment, can be used for molecular level imaging. The three are closely related to each other, mutual verification, mutual cooperation, relying on interventional radiology, so that the target gene can reach the target more accurately, and the molecular imaging device can directly display the therapeutic effect and gene expression. Therefore, molecular imaging has greatly promoted the development of imaging medicine, making imaging medicine from the study of traditional anatomy and physiological functions to the imaging at the molecular level, to explore the changes in the molecular level of disease, and will be new. The formation of medical models and human health have far-reaching effects.
summary
Molecular imaging is still in its infancy, and there is still a long way to go. The current work is only the beginning of molecular medicine. With the further study of the pathogenesis of diseases, more research results of molecular medicine are applied to the genes of clinical diseases. Diagnostic and therapeutic, molecular medicine and clinical interdisciplinary cooperation will be broadened and strengthened to promote the healthy development of molecular imaging through multidisciplinary interaction. At that time, the Department of Medical Imaging will be more open and tend to integrate multidisciplinary developments in biochemistry, biophysics, bioengineering and medical imaging.
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