With the development of science and technology, organ transplantation has become more and more organ failure, the hope of survival of patients with malignant tumors, but the lack of donors has been plaguing patients and doctors. Therefore, the underground organ trades, and the black market trades organs. The Chinese government also attaches great importance to new organ transplantation technologies. According to statistics, only 10,000 of the 1.5 million patients with organ failure in China can get organ transplants, and more people can only deteriorate or even die while waiting for ligands. If 3D printing can solve this problem, it will undoubtedly become the focus of the market.
In recent years, with the advent of 3D printing technology, the problems faced by organ transplantation may be solved. 3D printing technology appeared in the mid-1990s. It is a rapid prototyping device that uses technologies such as photo-curing and paper lamination. It is an emerging application technology based on computer three-dimensional digital imaging technology and multi-level continuous printing. 3D printing artificial organs are a technique based on 3D printing to print living tissue using living cells as raw materials. Studies have shown that 3D-printed artificial organs can directly print living organs or tissues in vitro or in vivo by using living cells in which their own adult stem cells are induced to differentiate in vitro, thus replacing organs or tissues that have lost function, to some extent. This solves the problem of insufficient donor donors. Therefore, 3D printed artificial organs have achieved certain results in the field of organ transplantation, and have been applied in bones, artificial blood vessels, skin, blood vessel splints, heart tissue and cartilage structure. However, there are still a series of technical and safety issues in 3D printing artificial organ technology.
1.3D printing of artificial organ technology in foreign development
3D printing artificial organ technology, which is currently developing rapidly in foreign countries, has made researchers in the fields of manufacturing and biological science pay attention to it. Lee et al. of Pohang University of Science and Technology in South Korea used micro SLA technology to produce tissue scaffolds in biomanufacturing in 2009. Sawkins, a professor at the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom, has created a mechanically strong structure for bone repair using cell and protein compatible 3D printed artificial organ technology. Kolesky, a professor at Harvard University's School of Engineering and Applications, constructed a blood vessel based on biological 3D printing technology for heterogeneous cell structures. The United States has vigorously promoted the development of 3D printed artificial organ technology, such as the research of three-dimensional breast cancer tissue testing system, the research of cell printing applied to wound repair, and the research of integrated micro-liver simulation based on cell assembly. Research institutes such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the University of Drexel (Drexel) have conducted special research in the fields of cell 3D printing and organ printing. Some medical research institutions and companies use 3D printed artificial organ technology to print out human organs such as arteries, myocardial tissue, lungs, and kidneys. The Lee research team prepared a 3D printed hydrogel tube model with an inner diameter of 1 mm, which formed a microvascular bed to successfully induce peripheral capillaries. Koch et al., the study confirmed the feasibility of 3D printing technology for skin tissue regeneration, using collagen loaded with fibroblasts and keratinocytes as raw materials.
3D printing artificial organ technology in domestic development
The rapid development of 3D printing artificial organ technology in China is comparable to the international level. The Xu Mingen team came from Hangzhou University of Electronic Science and Technology to develop a bio-material 3D printer. A small proportion of human ear cartilage tissue and liver unit have been successfully printed on this printer. The research results were rated as the highest level in the field of 3D printed artificial organs in 2012 by Biomaterials, the most influential journal in the world. Hsieh et al., School of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, China. The application of central nervous system repair is the use of temperature-sensitive biological materials to carry neural stem cells combined with 3D printed artificial organ technology. Tsinghua University Xu Wei and others printed the animal heart, which was simulated using cardiomyocytes and biomaterials. It was found that the printed cells can beat rhythmically, suggesting that the printed organs can have certain functions, and the stem cells extracted from the amniotic fluid are 3D printed, and the bone differentiation factor is added to obtain the active bone tissue. In addition, the thousands of people plan to use the Rollovesseller 3D printing platform to use the "bio-ink" containing seed cells, growth factors and nutrients, and other materials to print out the products in layers. After that, it forms a tissue structure and has physiological functions. At the same time, it invents the patent of the core technology organism of bioprinting, that is, a new type of precise stem cell culture system with biomimetic function. The rapid development of domestic 3D printing artificial organ technology has been applied in different fields such as cells, organs and medical implants.
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