The reproductive behavior of chickens is a complex and fascinating process. When a rooster and hen naturally mate, the hen's vaginal mucosa becomes everted and more receptive. The rooster's copulatory organ, located at the end of the vas deferens, consists of a cloacal membrane that can swell with lymph and become slightly erect. During mating, the rooster deposits a portion of his semen onto the hen’s cloacal tissue, which then travels into the vagina. Guided by the peristaltic movements of the fallopian tube's goblet cells, the sperm ascends to the infundibulum. If no egg is present in the oviduct, the sperm can reach the infundibulum within 30 minutes, where it is stored until an egg arrives. Once fertilized, the egg develops into a viable embryo.
Mating activity typically peaks in the late afternoon, and hens usually produce fertilized eggs approximately 20 hours after mating. In a breeding flock, fertility rates generally reach their maximum around three days after mating begins. However, once males and females are separated, the proportion of fertilized eggs gradually declines. This decline accelerates after four to five days, emphasizing the importance of consistent mating.
Regarding breeding age, roosters begin producing primary spermatocytes at six weeks, secondary spermatocytes at ten weeks, and fully mature sperm by 12 weeks. They achieve sexual maturity at 20 weeks and can be used for breeding starting at 22 weeks to ensure optimal fertility. Mating too early can lead to low fertilization rates. Both hens and roosters need to be in sync sexually for the highest success rate.
Roosters can be used for mating from 22 weeks up to 72 weeks of age, with no significant drop in fertility. They can remain productive for up to three years. Hens, on the other hand, start laying eggs at 26 weeks and can be bred for another 48 weeks, during which time their fertilization rate can reach as high as 86.3%. High-quality hens may be kept for two to three years for continued productivity.
The ratio of roosters to hens plays a critical role in breeding success. Larger, older roosters can manage more hens, while younger or lighter roosters should be paired with fewer hens. In summer, fewer hens per rooster are needed, while in fall, winter, and spring, one rooster can effectively mate with a larger group. Recommended ratios include 1:12 to 1:15 for light-layer hens, and 1:10 to 1:12 for both light and heavy layers.
Hens tend to lay most of their eggs between 9:00 AM and 1:00 PM, accounting for 70% to 80% of daily production. Egg-laying decreases in the afternoon. Consequently, the best time for mating is after the majority of eggs have been laid, typically between 4:00 PM and 6:00 PM, when mating frequency is highest. Understanding these patterns helps optimize breeding efficiency and maintain high fertility rates in a flock.
Food Additives
Food additive is a kind of non nutritive substance which is added in small amount to improve the appearance, flavor, structure or storage property of food. It refers to any substance artificially added to food for technical purposes in the process of food production, processing, preparation, treatment, packaging, transportation or storage. In order to improve the quality of food, such as color, aroma and taste, and to meet the needs of anti-corrosion and processing technology, synthetic or natural substances are added into food . At present, there are 23 categories and more than 2000 varieties of food additives in China, including Acidity Regulators, anti caking agents, defoamers, antioxidants, bleaching agents, bulking agents, colorants, color protectants, enzyme preparations, flavor enhancers, nutritional enhancers, preservatives, sweeteners, thickeners, spices, etc.
Product Name: Beta-Carotene
Appearance: Orange Powder
CAS: 7235-40-7
Molecular formula:C40H56
Molecular weight :536.8726
Melting point: 178-179℃
Flashing point: 103℃
EINECS: 230-636-6
Specification: 1%;10%;20%;30%,50%,90%;99%
Testing Method: HPLC
Beta carotene is the molecule that gives carrots their orange colour. It is part of a family of chemicals called the carotenoids, which are found in many fruit and vegetables, as well as some animal products such as egg yolks. Biologically, beta carotene is most important as the precursor of vitamin A. It also has anti-oxidant properties and may help in preventing cancer and other diseases.
Beta Carotene is also known as a provitamin because it can be converted in our body into vitamin A after oxidative cleavage by beta carotene 15, 150-dioxygenase. In plants, beta carotene, acts as an anti-oxidant and neutralizes singlet oxygen radicals formed during photosynthesis.
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Beta-carotene Powder, Lycopene Powder, Beetroot Red Powder, Curcumin
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