Scorpion mating and calving behavior is a complex and fascinating process that requires careful attention to environmental conditions and social dynamics. In natural settings, the ratio of males to females in a group is typically 1:3, meaning one male for every three females. This ratio is also observed in captivity, where scorpions are raised in controlled environments. Each female generally produces around 15 to 35 offspring, with an average of about 25. Some individuals may even give birth to up to 40 young.
Mating occurs once per year, and during this time, a male can mate with one or two females, with some strong males able to mate with up to three. After mating, the male must rest for 3–4 months before he can mate again. Scorpions have a relatively short reproductive lifespan, usually only 5–6 years out of their 8-year life span.
Before mating, males often exhibit restless behavior, shaking and lifting their legs as they search for a suitable partner. Once paired, the male and female will move together to find a safe place to mate. Mating typically takes place in dark, quiet areas at night. The male uses his pedipalps (claws) to insert into the female’s genital opening, completing the mating process.
After fertilization, the eggs develop inside the female’s body for approximately 40 days. During this time, a warm environment is crucial for proper embryonic development. If the temperature is too low, development may slow down or stop altogether. Pregnant females often seek warmth by hanging under rocks during the day and returning to crevices at night.
When giving birth, the female extends her third pair of legs and tilts her head forward, allowing the young to emerge from her genital opening. The newborns are initially small, soft, and curled up, resembling grains of rice. They remain on the mother’s back for several weeks, feeding on the yolk sac remaining in their abdomen. As they grow, they gradually move toward the mother’s head and limbs before eventually leaving her back to explore independently.
During this period, the mother is highly protective of her young. She guards them from predators and gently guides any that stray back to her back. However, if threatened, she may abandon some of her offspring. In extreme cases, mothers may even eat their young if food is scarce or if environmental conditions are unfavorable.
For successful breeding in captivity, it's essential to provide adequate nutrition and a stable environment. During the mating phase, both males and females should be well-fed to support energy demands. After mating, females require extra care to ensure proper development of their embryos. Males can be used for multiple matings, but they need time to recover between each cycle.
Separation of the young is critical to prevent cannibalism. One method involves observing the females at night and identifying those whose bellies appear lean—these are likely to be postpartum mothers. Another technique, suitable for large-scale breeding, involves using an automatic separation slide system. This setup allows smaller scorpions to slide into a separate area, ensuring they are not eaten by larger ones.
In single-parent breeding methods, such as the one developed by Wang Lijian in Zhejiang Province, pregnant females are placed in individual containers with appropriate humidity and temperature. This method has proven highly effective, achieving survival rates of over 95%. After birth, the young remain on the mother’s back for several weeks before being transferred to separate rearing pots.
Overall, understanding and managing scorpion reproduction requires careful observation, proper environmental control, and timely intervention to ensure the survival of both parents and offspring.
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