(a) Variety
The varieties with good productivity and strong adaptability are selected, and their high yield performance is good, and they are easy to cultivate and manage.
(B) Building Park
The peach is most suitable to be planted in the deep, well-drained, sunny, low-hill, gentle hilly areas where the mountainous fields are planted with terraces, spacing of 4 meters, spacing of 5 meters, even sunlight, low humidity and temperature changes, and good fertilizer and water conditions. In the mountains and valleys, the number of hours of sunshine is low and the humidity is high. The peach trees are prone to length and the yield is reduced. At present, in order to shorten the time of raising seedlings, seedlings are planted using semi-emergence seedlings. After semi-planting and planting, the seedlings should be checked, supplemented seedlings, patched, drilled, and bred in a timely manner. The heart should be picked in a timely manner, dried and cultured, and the three main branches should be cultivated.
(III) Soil Fertility Management
According to the experience of the fruit growers, it has been proved that the application of the water-based peach base fertilizer to the winter planting can be used to make up for the tree loss, which is beneficial to the protection of the leaves and the roots in autumn. The amount of the base fertilizer accounts for about 80% of the annual fertilization amount, and the orchard can also be planted. Gardenia and other green manure. From mid-April onwards, top-dressing will be carried out. Urea will be sprayed once every 10 to 15 days, or potassium dihydrogen phosphate will be used as foliar fertilizer. Simultaneous use of pesticides when pests and diseases occur will have dual effects. In the deep winter (December-December), the orchard plunges about 30 centimeters deep. At the same time, the park can be used as a breeding farm, which is a double benefit of agricultural efficiency improvement and farmers' income increase, and it is also a new way to develop characteristic agriculture.
(D) Pruning method of peach
Watertight peaches encounter moist and rainy conditions, and the growth of peach trees is strong. If they are improperly managed, fruit and peach will have outstanding competition for nutrients, which will seriously affect the yield and quality. In order to balance the growth results, peach trees must be pruned: “Open the crown, Dig peach fruit, pruning in winter, with the tree shape." The use of natural happy tree, the main branch angle of 50 degrees, sub-branch angle of 70 degrees, trimmed to light shear. One third of the short branches of the main branch of the sapling, the first main branch and the large branch long flattened and cut the head number. The results of long branches, thinning, after entering the results of appropriate short cut, cultivating renewed branches as the result of the mother branch, this can prevent the resulting parts of the external shift and premature aging, summer pruning mainly to take tip, picking, cutting tip, pull branches and other methods . The main targets of treatment are the competing branches on the main branch extension and the leggy branches on the lower part of the crown.
(V) Management of peach fruit
Sparse fruit thinning not only improves the fruit setting rate, but also improves fruit quality. Generally, fruit thinning is carried out 20-25 days after anthesis. After unfertilized fruit is exfoliated, thinning flowers should be carried out during the hypertrophy of the flower head, removing premature flowers, late flowers, malformed flowers, small flowers, and flowers on bare branches. For an orchard that is growing too vigorously and has a lot of fruit droppings, crop physiological optimizers can be sprayed at the beginning of April to reduce fruit drop. 10 to 20 days after the first fruit thinning, the second fruit thinning (setting the fruit) is carried out, and then the bagging is carried out to improve the quality of the fruit and reduce the risk of insects and birds.
(6) Fruit harvesting
It is very important to harvest the fruits in proper period. Harvesting can reduce yield and quality too early, and late harvesting is not conducive to fruit processing. Harvesting is generally carried out when the peaches 7-8 are mature. At this time, the flesh has increased redness. The fruit peduncle turns from green to yellow, and is stored for 1-2 days after harvesting. Processing is performed when the flesh is transferred to golden yellow, which can improve the quality of the finished product. Picking of peaches should be divided in batches, which can improve the quality of finished products. Peach harvesting should be performed in batches in stages to increase the fruit grade. Generally harvested in 3 batches of orchards with high management levels, the mining period can be set 4-5 times. When picking the fruit, take it gently, do not damage the fruit, and do not damage the peach tree branches.
(7) Prevention and control of peach diseases and pests
Peach disease has diseases such as peach brown leaf spot, leaf lobe disease, anthrax, perforation, and scab.
Peach pests are P. oleifera, aphids, leafhoppers, weevil, red neck beetles and other pests.
1. Identification and prevention of peach brown spot
Peach brown spot, also known as peach sclerotia, is one of the major diseases on peach trees. This disease can harm the fruits and also harm flowers, leaves and shoots. The fruit can be affected from young fruit to maturity. In addition to harming peaches, it also harms plums, apricots, peaches, and cherries.
Peach brown spot pathogens (mainly mycelia) overwinter on stagnant or diseased branches, spring temperatures rise, germs produce a large number of conidia, and spread with wind and rain, insects and other intrusions into orchards. Later, a large number of germs were bred in the disease department, causing recurrence.
Identification: The diseased fruit initially produced the brown round disease chairman, and then quickly expanded to full fruit. The pulp dark brown rotted, and its pale brown mouldy mould (conidial spores). The last two fruits of the disease contracted into a stale fruit, and the fruit surface often contained many black sclerotia. The stale fruit fell off or hung on the peach tree. After the flowers are damaged, brown spots first occur, and when the weather is wet, it quickly rots, and the surface is densely mouldy. When the weather is dry, it is left dry on the branches. Peach leaves become brown and wilted after victimization and do not fall off for a long time. After the victim was aware of the damage, he developed a round lesion with purple-brown edges and a slight brownish-brown center. In the early stages of the disease, plastic flow often occurs, and when severe, the branches die.
Peach's flowering and young fruit encounter low temperatures and rain, which are the most likely to occur. During fruit ripening, it is also prone to happen in warm, rainy and foggy conditions. In addition, the orchards with severe tree vigor and severe pests are also seriously affected. Injuries cause wounds and invade pathogenic bacteria, and pests can spread germs.
Prevention
1 In combination with winter pruning, cut sick branches and stale fruit, and at the same time do a clean garden work. After clearing the garden, a quick lime was disinfected and the soil was ploughed and the soil was buried deep.
2 to strengthen the cultivation and management, ditch drainage, adequate application of potash fertilizer, promote robust growth of peach trees, improve resistance to disease.
3 Eradicate pests such as Myzus persicae, Weevilidae, and fruitworms. This will reduce the chance of wounds and transmission and reduce the disease.
4 Reasonable fruit thinning to reduce the spread of diseases. The fruit is bagged in late May to protect the fruit and prevent pests.
5 Pharmacy protection: Before the budding of the peach tree, it uses Baume 5 degree lime sulfur. About 10 days after flowering, spray with Baume 0.3 degree lime sulfur. If the peach trees are not bagged, they will be sprayed 1-2 times after the second spraying, and then sprayed again about one month before the fruit matures. It can carry 50% Daisen ammonium water solution 1000 times; or 65% zeocin zinc wettable powder 500 times; or 65% thiram zinc wettable powder 500 times.
2. Identification and Prevention of Peach Anthracnose
Peach anthracnose is a major disease in Taoyuan. Damage to fruits, branches and leaves causes great losses in production. In order to develop fruit tree cultivation, fruit growers should attach great importance to the prevention and control of peach anthracnose and other diseases.
Identification: The pathogens are overwintering with mycelia in the branches of the victim or in the stale fruit remaining on the branches. In the coming year, conidia are produced and invaded orchards by means of wind and rain. Afterwards, the germ continues to reproduce at the site of the disease and causes further infringement. The young fruit was dark brown after being victimized, and the development was stagnant, atrophic and hardened, and most of the fruit was left in the peach tree. When the slightly larger fruit is damaged, green-brown water-stained lesions appear on the fruit surface at the beginning, and fluidity often occurs. Afterwards, it gradually enlarges, sag, and appears thick brown. Finally, a yellowish mucus is produced in the center of the diseased part (conidia Plates and conidia), the rot of the diseased fruit shed or the formation of a stiff fruit remains on the tree. After the onset of ripening fruit, the fruit surface first appeared pale brown spots, and later it gradually expanded into a round depression of red lesions, or several lesions connected to irregular large-scale lesions. Pink granules are produced above, and there are obvious concentric ring wrinkles. In the end, the fruit was rotted and rotted. If the branches were damaged, the lesions showed green-brown water stains at the beginning of the lesions, and afterwards, they were slightly sunken and secreted mucilage. Afterwards, lesions expanded and flowed, and the lesions became cracked. The leaves on the diseased branches curled inwards on either side, sometimes rolled into a tube, and the branches were severed when they died. However, the bacteria that penetrated into the resulting branch from the diseased fruit tissue spread slowly. The resulting damaged fruit often dies after the flowering period in the following year, resulting in an elliptical or unshaped brownish lesion. The diseased and healthy parts have distinct boundaries, and the middle and lower parts are dry and fall off. perforation.
Anthracnose is particularly severe when it is warm and humid, with high groundwater levels, poor drainage, excessive close planting, and poor ventilation and light transmission.
Comprehensive prevention measures
1 The focus of comprehensive prevention and control is to eliminate the source of overwintering diseases. Therefore, in combination with winter pruning, the diseased branches and stiff fruits should be completely cut off, and the residual leaves and fruit on the ground should be eliminated and centralized treatment (fire or deep burial). Carefully cut off branches that continue to die before and after flowering.
2 pay attention to drainage drainage, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, appropriate application of phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, promote the growth of peach trees robust, enhance peach disease resistance.
3 In the bud expansion period, spray 5% eutectic special wettable powder 300 times, or 80% pentachlorophenol sodium 200 times, add lime sulfur 5 times.
4 Spray 50% of the special WP wettable powder 1000 times from the young fruit stage, spray once every 10-15 days, spray 2-3 times continuously.
5 timely removal of disease, appropriate early to the middle and early May, bagging and fruit protection, and pay attention to prevent pests, to avoid pests spread bacteria.
3. Integrated prevention and control of peach defoliation
Peach tree leaf disease is common bacterial perforation, white mold, white rust and so on. The disease often causes a lot of defoliation, seriously affecting the growth of tree vigor. Litter disease is warm, rainy and foggy. The growth of tree vigor is debilitating. The air and light in the garden are poor and the drainage is not so good. The three main symptoms of defoliation:
1 Peach bacterial perforation: leaves, shoots and fruits can be affected. On the surface of the diseased leaf, water-stained, pale yellow patches appeared at the beginning of the diseased leaf, which expanded to brown color with dead holes in the center. After the fruit is victimized, the surface develops an oily, brown, spot-like spot, which expands after the lesions, deepens in color, and eventually craters and cracks, resulting in rot. The diseased branch began to appear as a purple-brown spot with a water-stained band, and later it was sag and cracked.
2 Peach mold: the back of the diseased leaf produces many white mouldy things. In severe cases, the leaves and backs all turn white. Obvious yellowish to tan markings appear on the front of the leaves.
3 Peach white rust disease: diseased dark purple-brown round leaf spot, after expanding into a nearly round or irregular polygon rust brown spots. Slightly raised acne on the back of the lesion (the uredia spores), which bursts and gives off brown powder. Finally, white sticky small scabs (the teliospores heap) grow on the back of the leaves.
Prevention
1 In the winter, diseased branches were cut off, the fallen leaves were wiped off, and they were concentrated and burned.
2 Strengthen fertilizer and water management, pay attention to ventilation and light transmission.
3 Peach trees are sprayed with 1:1:120 Bordeaux mixture or with Baume 5 degree lime sulfur in the early stage of germination.
4 At the beginning of the disease, 65% dexamethasone wettable powder 500 times liquid or 1:4:240 zinc sulfate lime liquid is used (this medicine has a significant effect in preventing and treating bacterial perforation). Prevention of bacterial perforation, spraying after spraying, spraying once every 10-15 days, continuous spraying 2-3 times. Peach white rust and white mold can be sprayed according to the condition in July.
Preparation method: Two parts of water, one to dissolve copper sulfate and the other to open quicklime. The two are filtered and poured into another container at the same time, and the mixture is stirred while the solution is mixed thoroughly to prepare a Bordeaux mixture. Bordeaux flow can be used to prevent diseases on various fruit trees, such as grapes, bayberry, pears, plums, etc.
Precautions: Prepare the Bordeaux mixture. Lime is fresh (lime) and slaked lime is doubled. Do not pour the lime solution into the copper sulfate solution when dispensing, otherwise, the formulated liquid particles are coarse and easily precipitate. Do not use metal utensils when preparing. Use immediately after dispensing and do not store for a long time. Bordeaux spray often causes the occurrence of spider mites, mites and ticks, so after use should be diligently check the pest situation, found that pests should be promptly controlled.
2 Lithosulfur compound preparation methods and precautions.
Preparation method
Material consumption: 0.5 kg of quicklime, 1 kg of sulfur powder and 7 kg of water.
Preparation method: first add lime to water, then slowly add sulfur powder to stir into a paste, and then make up 7 pounds of water. In order to prevent the water from evaporating, add 8 pounds of water, cook it with simmer, stir it while cooking, About 40 minutes to an hour. If the evaporation of water than the original added water, but also use hot water to add supplements. When the liquid becomes reddish-brown and the slag becomes yellow-green, the fire stops. After the liquid was cooled and clarified, the supernatant red brown liquid was taken. The concentration was measured using a Baume weightmeter and stored for use. If stored for a long time, a little kerosene will be dripped on the surface of the liquid to prevent the crystallization of the liquid surface from being wasted.
Precautions: Lime must be selected from the best high-quality white lumps of lime. If hydrated lime is used, the dosage should be increased by half. The finer the sulfur powder, the better.
Dilution method: 1 pound of raw liquid plus water pounds = original deep concentration / use depth -1
In the summer and autumn, spraying during the hot and dry period is prone to sunburn, so it must be sprayed after 3-4 pm. The temperature is above 32°C, and it should not be used below 4°C.
After the fruit is transferred into the coloring period, it is susceptible to injury caused by phytotoxicity, and the use concentration should be less than 0.2 degrees Baume is appropriate. The used utensils can be scrubbed with dilute acetic acid.
4. Prevention and cure of peach peach peach
Peach aphid is an omnivorous pest that, in addition to harming peach trees, also harms many fruit trees such as plum, apricot, plum, pear and chestnut, as well as many crops such as sunflower, corn and sorghum.
Occurrence pattern: 4 to 5 generations a year. The mature larvae in the corn, sorghum relics and sunflower flower plates, stalks overwintering, in the beginning of mid-April in the beginning of the middle of the phlegm, the generation of adults in each generation is roughly: The generation of adult larvae is from mid-April to late May. The second generation took place from early June to mid-July. The third generation took place from mid-July to mid-August. The fourth generation took place from mid-August to mid-September. The fifth generation took place from late September to mid-October.
Due to the large number of algebras and the long moths of generations, the occurrence of irregularities is likely to cause generation overlap. The first and second generation mainly damage peach fruit. Future generations will harm other crops. After mid-October, larvae began to winter.
The adults of Peach Mosquitoes stay quiet during the day and on rainy days, and they have nocturnal activity and copulation. They have a strong tendency toward black light and have a habit of sucking nectar. The eggs are spawned on the surface of the peach fruit, and there are many eggs laid on the fruits at the junction of the two fruits and the fruit in the dense leaves. Generally, a few eggs are laid on one fruit, and a maximum of 30 can be produced. The egg hatches after 5-10 days. The larvae enter the fruit, usually there are 1-2 larvae in the fruit, more than 10 heads. When a fruit is eaten, another fruit can be found. The larvae matured within 15 to 20 days, and the fruit and the fruit were connected to each other in the fruit or between the fruit and the fruit. The larvae of each generation had the habit of transferring host about 8 days.
Control methods:
1 Handling wintering hosts: Remaining strains of corn, sorghum, sunflowers and other crops are treated in time in winter to eliminate the source of overwintering insects.
2 Timely medication control: master the emergence of the first and second generations of adult emergence and the peak period of spawning, and timely spray 50% of schizonlide EC with 1000 times, or 80% of dichlorvos emulsion with 40% of Leko with 1:0.5:1000 times. Or, 90% trichlorfon plus 40% dimethoate emulsion sprayed 1-2 times at 1:0.5:1000 times, and the orchard and other host crops should also be sprayed and controlled in time.
5, prevention and treatment of peach leafhopper
Peach is also known as the small green leafhopper, which, in addition to destroying fruit trees such as peaches and plums, also harms many other fruit trees. However, the main cause is peach, which is the most serious pest in Taoyuan. The adult larvae and larvae of the leafhoppers suck sap on the back of the peach leaves. The damaged leaves appear yellow and white dots. When they are severe, the whole leaves are pale and fall off prematurely. Caused some of the flower buds to open in the fall, affecting the tree growth and the results of the coming year.
Occurrence
A little leafhopper lives on green grass, broad beans and evergreen trees near the orchard, and begins to move to peach trees in early March. The generation of each generation, the first generation from early April to mid-July. The second generation is from mid-June to late August. The third generation is from July until mid-September. The fourth generation is from late August to mid-May. The egg period is 7-29 days, and the larval period is 13-21 days. The adult life span is 12-33 days. Eggs are produced in the main veins of peach leaves. After hatching, they leave a clear brown crack in the main veins. When they occur, the cracks are numerous and there is no completeness. In winter, adults in our land endangered broad beans or vegetables, peaches, plums and other fruit trees flew to the young leaves after the damage, from May to June the population density increased significantly. Injuries worsened in July. The most serious damage was August-September, and it has been harmed until October.
Control methods:
1 Winter Garden. The weeds and fallen leaves in and around Taoyuan are to be thoroughly cleaned and burned in winter to reduce the source of overwintering insects.
2 Spray the medicine. After the peach trees were planted in March, when the overwintering adults moved to peach trees, they chose 40% dimethoate emulsion 1500-2000 times solution or 50% marathon emulsion 2000 times solution, or 80% dichlorvos 1200 times solution once. Afterwards, spraying and controlling the insects in the incubating period of each generation of larvae can eliminate the damage.
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