First, technology introduction
The beef cattle improvement and fattening technique is to use various methods of crossbreeding, using local yellow cattle as female parent, introducing good meat varieties as male parent, carrying out crossbreeding, utilizing hybrid heterosis of hybrid offspring, and according to the characteristics of their nutritional requirements for growth and development, science A technology that prepares feed and supplements it with suitable concentrates for fattening cattle. The hybrid offspring that have been cultivated not only retains the characteristics of local cattle that are resistant to extensive and applicability, but also has the advantages of long-distance, high-yield, high-quality flesh, and high feed rewards, making the local cattle in shape, growth rate, Meat production performance has been improved.
Second, technical operation regulations
(a) Variety
Mainly used for improved beef breeds: Heyford, Charolais, Angus, Limousin, Simmental, Piemert, Jiangxi Yellow.
(B) The hybrid pattern of beef cattle
1. Economic Hybridization: It is also called production of crossbreeding. It is to use high-product bulls to cross with local yellow cattle to obtain hybrid offspring with economic value, increase product quantity and reduce production costs to meet the needs of commodity production. If the Simmental and Jiangxi yellow cattle are crossed, the hybrid offspring has superior performance to the Jiangxi yellow cattle in terms of weight gain rate, slaughter rate and net meat rate, and the feed cost is lower than that of the local cattle.
2. Recurrent hybridization and "terminal" bull hybridization
(1) Recurrent hybridization is a productive hybrid developed further on the basis of economic hybridization. Alternate crosses are made between males of two or more breeds, so that they can maintain certain heterosis from generation to generation, and thus obtain a strong life force. And high productivity cattle. The schematic diagram is as follows: A hybrid cow of local ox and Simmental is crossed with a Charolais cow. The second-generation cow produced is then crossed with Simmental and continues to be reincarnation.
(2) "Terminal" bull hybrid system: that is, using B breed bulls to breed A pure breed cows, and F1 cows (BA) to cross breed 3rd breed C bulls. After further hybridization, the crossing of the final bull with the C breed is stopped and the "terminal" bull hybrid system is called. It is characterized by the ability to complement each other and achieve the highest production performance. Such as: Simmental hybrid with the local female cattle, hybrid generation of cows and Charolais or Piemite cross, and all subsequent generation of fattening.
(3) Reincarnation - "termination" of the bull hybrid: 45% of the cows remaining in the rearing of the two varieties or three varieties are used for recurrent breeding for the needs of cows; the remaining 55% of the cows are selected for growth. Fast and good-quality breeds of bulls are bred for their effect of reducing feed consumption and producing more beef. Another feature of this hybrid approach is that they do not raise purebred cows.
3, Progressive hybridization
The mating of fine breed bulls with local cattle, the hybrid generation of cows will be mated with the bulls of the same breed and produce the second generation of hybrids. This will continue until the generation of desirable traits, or the complete transformation of local breeds. purpose.
(3) The fattening technology of beef cattle
1, beef cattle fattening system
(1) Six-month-old calf fattening system: The spring-produced calf is weaned with the cow until November-December (6 months of age). During the wintering period, concentrates account for about 30% of the diet, and they are raised at the age of 12 months. The final strength of the diet is 100 to 120 days. The 18-month-olds can weigh more than 450 kg and are sold or slaughtered.
(2) 12-month-old yak finishing system: After grazing, 12- to 14-month-old pigs begin general finishing for 4 months, and after 4 to 20-22 months of age, body weight can be increased. 450 kg or more.
(3) Ex situ fattening system: From an age point of view, the young ones can be weaned, and the big ones can be 7-8 years old. From the gender perspective, they should be yak (ie calf) or bull. From the weight point of view should be more than 150 kg, the shelf cattle from the calving area to another area, after 10-15 days of transitional feeding and observation of the disease, after another fat 120-130 days, weighing more than 450 kg, for sale Or slaughter.
2. Scientific modulation of feed
(1) Feed Silage: Making silage into silage can maintain the succulence of the feed, good palatability, and can be stored for a long period of time. It is a good way to solve the winter feed.
Silage materials: Green feed can produce silage with good sugar content. Such as corn, ryegrass, sweet potato vines, milk vetch, radish and other silage are good raw materials.
Silage method: It is generally convenient to use cellar storage, and silage towers and plastic bags are also available for storage. The silo is colorful and rectangular. When building pits, it is necessary to choose topography, dry soil, hard ground, low groundwater level, good drainage, and near the cowshed. The size of the cellar volume is based on the number of cows. Generally, 750 kg of silage can be stored per cubic meter. If urea is added to the silage, the silage urea feed is better for feeding cattle, usually adding 3-4 kilograms of urea per 1,000 kilograms of table material. After the urea is dissolved in water, it is added layer by layer into the green material. Mix well.
(2) Preparation of straw ammonification: The ammonia nitrogenation of straw increases the nitrogen source in the straw and improves the palatability. The ruminant livestock uses the protein required for non-protein ammonia synthesis in the straw and improves the straw feeding effect. Straw feed in our province is mainly straw, a small amount of corn and sugarcane tail.
(3) Detoxification treatment of cottonseed cake: 100 kg of cottonseed cake is soaked with 0.75 kg of ferrous sulfate and 250 kg of water for 12 hours and used together with other feeds.
(4) Detoxification of rapeseed cake: Take one large vat and place 50 kg of rapeseed cake 150 kg of water. Change the water once a day for 3 consecutive days. Take out and dry it.
(5) Use of feed additives: daily consumption per cow, 75 grams of baking soda, 25 grams of auxin, 25 grams of artificial salt, and 5 mg of vitamin A.
Concentrate formulation: spring and autumn: corn (milled flat, the same below) 70%, cottonseed cake 20.5%, wheat bran 5%, shell powder 3%, salt 1.5%. Summer: 68% corn, 23.5% cottonseed cake, 5% wheat bran, 2.5% shell powder, 1% salt. Winter: 70% corn, 22% cottonseed cake, 50% wheat bran, 3% shell powder, 1% salt.
If no corn is available for early grain replacement, no cottonseed cake can be replaced with peanut cake, bean cake, etc. The amount is 5-7% of the cottonseed cake and the amount of wheat bran is increased. The rapeseed cake can be replaced by equal amount.
3, feeding and management
(1) Repel internal parasites: 50 mg/kg body weight of sulfadodichlorophenol or Jialing Sante is used at 5 ml per 100 kg body weight.
(2) Routine management procedures: preparation, shaking, feeding, drinking, yak, brushing of cattle, cleaning of excrement, etc.
Third, the scope of application
This technology can be applied to a large number of rural households and small and medium-scale beef cattle production specialties or beef cattle fattening farms.
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