Nitrogen deficiency in rice plants leads to several noticeable symptoms. First, the plant becomes stunted and grows slowly, with fewer tillers developing. The leaves appear light green or yellowish, starting from the lower leaves and gradually moving upward. On an individual leaf, the discoloration begins at the tip and spreads toward the middle before eventually turning entirely yellow and dying. Root development is also affected, with fewer and slower-growing roots. Additionally, the ears are shorter, grains are smaller, and the grain weight is reduced. The crop matures earlier than normal rice varieties.
Phosphorus deficiency causes seedlings to cluster together, with narrow and weak leaves that do not stand upright. The leaves may appear dark green or gray-green, and some may develop a yellow or purple tinge. The leaf sheaths may become imbalanced, with shorter lengths and dry, older leaves. The roots turn yellow-brown, are small in number, and lack proper development of branch and lateral roots, making them soft and pliable. Growth is slow, tillering is reduced, flowering is delayed, and the grains are often unfilled with higher rates of infertility.
Potassium deficiency results in dark green or bronze-colored leaves that are thin, narrow, and often curved. Before tillering, leaf spots resembling flax appear, and after this stage, brown spots emerge at the tips of older leaves, spreading along the margins in a mosaic pattern. At the time of tillering, the two lowest leaves may die off. Later, pin-like brown spots appear at the leaf tips, eventually forming stripes at the base, leading to complete leaf death. The roots turn dark brown or black, and the stems become thin and prone to breaking, increasing the risk of lodging even in mild weather. The plant tends to head earlier, but the number of grains per ear is reduced, and fruiting is poor.
Boron-deficient rice exhibits dark green leaves, with young leaves being short and narrow. Yellow spots may appear in the middle or tip of the leaves. In severe cases, the growing point stops developing, and the top dies. New leaves may be curled and white in color, while the roots turn brown. Despite normal tillering, the plant remains short and stunted.
Manganese-deficient plants show restricted growth and dwarfing. New leaves display chlorosis between the veins, with brown spots appearing and forming lines. The new leaves are short, narrow, and lighter in color.
Copper-deficient leaves appear blue-green, with chlorotic tips that spread along the midrib, eventually forming black-brown necrotic spots. New leaves tend to curl.
Zinc deficiency symptoms typically appear 2–3 weeks after transplanting. The base of the midrib on new leaves starts to fade, spreading across the entire leaf, with the youngest leaves showing light yellow stems. Older leaves first develop brown spots, which then progress into streaks and finally scorching. The middle leaves become narrower, and the lower ones become brittle and easily broken. Plants are stunted, tillering is delayed, roots are short, and there is increased infertility in the inflorescence, resulting in overall delayed growth.
Molybdenum deficiency causes chlorosis in the leaves, impairing photosynthesis and respiration, which negatively affects the overall growth and development of the plant.
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