Grapes are originally from Europe, West Asia, and North Africa. China has been cultivating grapes for over 2,000 years. The ideal climate and sunlight are crucial—too little sunlight makes them sour, while too much makes them overly sweet. When the vines grow, the optimal temperature is between 20 to 25 degrees Celsius.
Pollution-free control of common grape diseases
First, Grape White Rot: This disease affects fruits, early ears, branches, and leaves. The rachis is most susceptible. The infection usually starts with the ear or small fruit near the ground. A pale brown, watery lesion appears at the affected area, which gradually spreads to the entire ear and fruit. The material and the whole ear hang on the vine and are hard to fall off. Many grayish-white protrusions appear, turning from light brown to dark brown. Soft rot fruits can be easily peeled off, but some become shriveled and remain hanging on the vine. After rain, black mucus emerges from the spots on the diseased fruits.
Prevention
(1) Chemical control: The key period for prevention is during the rainy season, from mid-flowering to mid-August. You can spray 1000 times 50% carbendazim, 800 times 50% mancozeb, or a 1:0.5:180 Bordeaux mixture. Spray once every 10–15 days for a total of 3–4 sprays (add appropriate detergent to improve efficacy).
(2) Physical control: Cut off all infected branches, scrape old bark, remove diseased fruits, leaves, and vines in time. Eradication of pathogens is also an important measure to reduce the incidence. During growth, tie the lower fruits up and keep them more than 20–30 cm above the ground, which can also help reduce the occurrence of disease.
Second, Grape Black Spot Disease (Black Eye Disease, Scab Disease)
(I) Symptom Recognition
This disease harms fruits, fruit stems, leaves, and shoots. Polygonal lesions appear after young leaves are infected, and the veins stop growing, causing the leaves to deform. When the leaves are affected, a pale yellow color develops on the main vein, and the diseased leaves dry out and become perforated. Young fruits develop brown spots, and as they mature, they turn pale, slightly sunken, red or purple on the edges, forming a "bird's eye" shape. Later, the lesions crack, and the disease becomes small and sour. In severe cases, the entire panicle may become deformed or even die.
(II) Control Measures
(1) The key to prevention is to apply two sprays before and after flowering. Spray 1:0.5:180 Bordeaux mixture or 800 times 50% mancozeb or 600 times 75% chlorothalonil. Before bud break, you can also spray 5-degree sulfur agent.
(2) Thoroughly cut off infected vines and remove litter during winter pruning.
Third, Grape Downy Mildew
(I) Symptom Recognition
This disease mainly affects leaves, shoots, and young fruits. At the onset, translucent water-stained irregular lesions appear on the leaf surface, initially pale green or yellow, and eventually turn yellow-brown or red-brown and dry. Adjacent lesions connect to form large polygons. Meanwhile, grayish-white rhodospores grow on the back of the leaves. Damaged young shoots stagnate, twist, and may die. When young fruits are infected, white downy mildew appears on the surface, stopping growth, cracking, or falling off.
(II) Control Measures
(1) From the beginning of the disease, spray 1:0.5:180 Bordeaux mixture at intervals of half an hour. Or 1000 times 25% Ridomil or 250 times 40% Aluminum Phosphate.
(2) Remove orchard litter and burn it.
Fourth, Grape Anthracnose (Late Rot, Bitter Rot)
(I) Symptom Recognition
The main hazard is colored fruit. The ear tip near the ground is the earliest to be infected. After the fruit is infected, gray and purple patches appear on the surface, gradually becoming shallow, ring-like lesions on the deep edge of the central color. In the future, small black spots become visible in the lesions. As the disease progresses, the number of small black spots increases and is arranged in a dorsal pattern. When the air is wet, pink viscous gels are poured from the black spots. The diseased fruit quickly becomes soft and rotten, eventually becoming a stale fruit and easily falling off.
(B) Control Methods
(1) In July–August, when the disease peaks, spray 1:0.5:180 Bordeaux fluid or 500 times 50% Mancozeb (add appropriate detergent to improve efficacy).
(2) Timely pluck and bury diseased fruits before harvesting. After harvesting, clear the vines and deeply bury the diseased parts.
Five, Nodules
(I) Harmfulness and Parasite Identification
The main damage is to the roots. After the roots are killed, nodules are produced. Initially, they are bright yellow, then turn brown and rot. Leaves on the plant turn yellow, the fruit becomes smaller, the tree’s vigor weakens, and yield and quality significantly decrease. In severe cases, the entire plant may die. The body is soft and looks like a tapeworm, but there is no belly tube in the abdomen.
(B) Control Methods
(1) This worm is one of the important quarantine objects in international and domestic markets. When purchasing seedlings and cuttings from suspicious areas, they must be strictly disinfected by using 10–20 roots as a bundle and soaking in 1500 times 50% phoxim for 1 minute. (2) Remove diseased plants and burn them immediately.
Six, Two-Star Leafhopper (Small Leafhopper, Grape Two-Spot Dust)
(I) Harmfulness and Parasite Identification
Harms leaves. Infested leaves show whitish spots that later become white spots. In severe cases, leaves turn white and fall off, making it difficult for ears and branches to mature.
The body is yellowish and 3–3.5 mm long. There are two black round spots on top of the head, yellow-white wings, and translucent bodies. They mostly stay on the back of the leaves to feed.
(B) Control Methods
(1) In the adult or nymph stage, spray 3000 times 80% dichlorvos or 150,000 times 4% dimethoate or 5000 times 20% quick kill.
(2) Sweep orchards in autumn and winter, burn fallen leaves, and eliminate overwintering adults.
Seven, Grape Red Spider
(I) Harmfulness
Harms leaves and ears. After leaves are damaged, many black-brown stripes appear, and in severe cases, they are scorched off. After the ear is damaged, the spikes become black, brittle, and easily broken. The fruit shows rust after being damaged, with rough peels that sometimes crack, affecting fruit growth and coloration.
(B) Control Methods
(1) Spray 3-degree lime sulfur plus 0.3% detergent during spring sprouting.
(2) In July–August, spray 3000 times 73% Ketek or 1000 times 40% dicofol.
(3) When buried for cold protection, strip and burn the old bark of the vine.
Eighty-Star Leaf A
(I) Harmfulness and Parasite Identification
Harms leaves and buds. Leaves are bitten into holes, and in severe cases, all leaves are eaten, leaving only veins and some membranes.
Adults are oval-shaped, hard-wormed insects, 12 mm long and 8 mm wide. They have hard yellow wings with 10 dark spots on their bodies. Larvae are flat and yellow.
Larvae often gather together when hatching, and disperse as they grow. Adults feed on foliar surfaces, but when touched, they secrete a foul-smelling yellow liquid and fall dead.
(B) Control Methods
(1) Spray 1200 times 90% trichlorfon or 5000 times 20% speed kill.
(2) Kill larvae or shake off adults and concentrate on killing.
Nine, Submerged Niches (Rust Ticks, Blanket Disease)
(i) Harmfulness and Parasite Identification.
Harms leaves. After grapes spread their leaves, white spots appear on the surface of the damaged leaves. Later, the affected part bulges, and the back side is sunken and fluffy. The fluff is initially gray, then turns dark brown, and finally brown. The leaves are not flat.
Adults are shaped like white kuba. There are four feet at the front of the head.
(B) Control Methods
(1) In spring, when grape buds germinate and a few shoots are green, spray 0.5-degree lime sulfur.
(2) Concentrate and burn the branches and branches cut in winter.
Ten, Grape Tiger Moth (Grape Tiger C)
(I) Harmfulness and Parasite Identification
Harms leaves. The larvae infest the leaves and severely consume all young leaves.
The larvae are about 40 mm long when cooked. The head and tail are yellow, and the back is light green. Each segment has large and small black spots with white long hair on them.
(B) Control Methods
(1) In the larval stage, spray 1200 trichlorfon or 1000 times 520% dichlorvos or 5000 times 20% extinction dioxin.
(2) In early spring, excavate the insects in combination with soil excavation (worm kidney: reddish-brown, 20 mm long, with trimmed tails).
Grape Management Technology Points
March
Main tasks during injury period: finish frame, remove cold-proof materials
Before unearthing the grapes, tighten the loosely hanging wire and straighten the skewed struts. By the end of March, remove the cold-proof soil covering the grapes. Be careful not to touch the shoots when removing the soil.
April
Main tasks during budding stage: place grapes on top, top-dressing, irrigation, cultivation, eradication of overwintering pests, and wiping buds.
Shelves: Grapes should be unearthed before April 5th. After unearthing, the lichee vines are soft and in the morning, and the main vines are tied to the shelves as far as possible. Pay attention to uniform distribution of branches when tying, and tie the top to the third wire. It is recommended to use flax.
Top dressing, irrigation, cultivator: In early April, irrigate before germination, apply urea with irrigation soil, and apply 0.2 kg/plant. Wait until the water is fully infiltrated and the surface is slightly dry, then timely cultivate the soil, breaking the soil block.
Eradication of overwintering pests: When the bud scales begin to expand, spray 3–5 Baume degrees of lime sulfur plus 200 times sodium pentachlorophenol solution to eradicate various germs and overwintering pests.
Stubbles: In late April, at the beginning of leaf development, wipe off the buds sprouting on old vines, resulting in the emergence of branches from the weak branches and secondary buds of the branches. Remove all the sprouted litters on the ground except for those used for the update.
Early May – Late May
Main work: wipe shoots except shoots, irrigated with water, pest control, sparse flower bagging.
Twig shoot removal: In early May, wipe off the shoots and shoot the shoots for the second time when the shoots grow to 5–6 cm in length, leaving all the unused branches outside the fruit branches to be wiped out, emphasizing leaving a neat new balance. Tip. When the new shoot grows to about 40 centimeters, the new shoots will be evenly spaced and tied to the frame, and the young part of the new shoot will be removed.
Tillage irrigation: In mid-May, pour irrigation water before flowering, and soak and weed.
Pest control: Spray Bordeaux mixture (copper sulphate 1 kg: quicklime 0.5 kg: water 200-400 kg) before flowering, or 800 times the new high-fat membrane or 400-500 times with 80% dexamethasone to prevent black pox disease.
Auxiliary tip treatment: In late May, perform minor treatment. Generally, the auxiliary tip below the ear is removed from the base, and the new growth tip is strong. The tip of the 4-5 knots above the ear can also be removed from the base, and then upwards. Auxiliary tip leaves 1-2 leaves topping, 2 tip shoots near the tip of the shoot, leaving 3-4 leaves topping.
Sparse flowering: If too many inflorescences are found, some excessive inflorescences may be eliminated. The inflorescences on weak branches may be sparse, and the inflorescences on weaker branches may be sparse from one inflorescence. 3 to 5 days before flowering, 1/4 to 1/5 of the end of the inflorescence was picked off, and the branches and spikes were cut off. Spray 0.2-0.3% borax solution during flowering to increase fruit setting rate.
Late May – Late June
Main work during the young fruit period: pest control, fruit swelling treatment, top-dressing irrigation, picking tips.
Prevention and control of pests: After flowering and fruit setting, spray 1∶0.5:200 Bordeaux mixture 1 time before wheat harvest.
Fruit enlargement treatment: 15 days after flowering, according to the instructions, the ear was treated with grape swelling agent.
Top dressing irrigation: In mid-June, the young fruit grows rapidly and can be applied with potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (100 kg per mu in full fruit period). After irrigation, the land surface is slightly dry and timely tillage and weeding.
Walking Frame,Walking Aid Frame,Aluminum Walking Frame,Walking Support Frame
Hebei Dingli Medical Equipment Co., Ltd. , https://www.dinglimed.com