Alfalfa weed breeding and management

This flower is a perennial herb of the genus Hemerocallis. It is native to China, Japan, and Eurasia. It is widely cultivated throughout the world and is an excellent gardening root flower. Biological characteristics The roots of S. sinica are divided into fleshy roots and fibrous roots, and the fleshy roots are spindle-shaped. The roots of stalks grow more on the roots of the fleshy roots. With short rhizomes, leaves are green and long, with basal lines arranged in two rows. The flower moss extracts from the middle, spiral cymules, each flower can spend dozens of flowers. The buds look like pods, open like a funnel, and the lobes roll over, in the form of a lily-shaped corolla, with the tip of the petals splitting. The perianth basally connate into a tube, with 6 stamens, 3 long and 3 short, and the anthers are t-shaped on the apex of the filaments. Besides the blue and pure white, the other designs have cultivars. The flower path varies greatly and its flower shape varies from late spring to autumn. Most species of flowers only bloom for one day, but flowering can last for weeks or even months. Some species can spend more than 24 hours on a single flower. Capsules, dark brown, multi-angled, shiny, low natural seed setting, but most varieties are not strong. Hemerocallis formosanus has strong anti-drought ability, high temperature resistance, low cold resistance, and wide adaptability temperature range. It can be planted from south to north in China. Strong resistance to disease, wide adaptability to the soil, can generally be cultivated except for soils that are too acidic, over-alkali, over-sanded and over-adhesive. PH value is preferably between 6.5 and 7.5. Propagation methods The division of ramets into ramets is the most common method of breeding. The method is simple, the plants are easy to survive, and the growth is relatively consistent. The ramets can be excavated from the mother plants and re-distributed; or a part of the plants can be dug out from the side of the parent cultivars to grow seedlings and leave them to continue growing. The ramets are mostly carried out before the budding in spring or after the autumnal defoliation. Transplanting spring ramets, then you can bolt the flowering; autumn ramets transplanted, only in the following year can the bolting flowering. Transplanting should use plants that thrive, have many buds, good quality, and no pests. When the ramets are digging, a part of the tiller is used as a seedling. The roots must be taken out, cut from the shortened stems, and the old root, the decayed root, and the diseased root should be cut off. The fleshy root should be kept as far as possible. 10 cm) can be planted. Planting should be conducted on a sunny day. Dig the seedlings, divide the seedlings, and plant the seedlings as much as possible to minimize the damage to the roots. Usually 2 to 3 years, the ramets are used once to ensure the vigorous growth of the plants. Sowing is a rapid and large-scale production of seedlings, but due to the low seed germination rate, germination must be soaked first, and planting can be achieved only one year after sowing. Around September each year, the planting period is required. The plants are required to grow robustly, have full fruits and no pests and diseases. Sow the following spring. The seedbed should be applied to the base fertilizer first, with a bed width of 1.3 to 1.7 meters, a length of about 30 meters, and digging drains on both sides. When planting, shallow grooves of about 3 cm in depth shall be drilled every 20 centimeters. Seeds shall be evenly sowed in the ditch, covered with a layer of fine soil, and a thin layer of fine sand shall be laid. Watering and weeding before emergence, maintaining good soil moisture, planting seedlings in the fall. Seeds with 2.5 kg seedlings per mu, 5 to 60,000 seedlings. Seeds can also be sown after the seeds are soaked and germinated, with a sowing rate of 5 to 7 kilograms per acre and flat field sowing. Grooves at a distance of 30 cm and a depth of about 3 cm. Seeds are sown at intervals of 3 to 5 cm. After the plants have grown 2 to 3 leaves, thin stools are applied once. Wintering with a small shed to protect against the cold, strengthen the field management after the spring, in August can be transplanted. Seeds collected from evergreen barnyardgrass can be sown directly or after storage at room temperature. Bud buds refer to small plants on the stems of Hemerocallis fulva. Flower buds can be cut from the flower stems. If they are larger, they can be further divided before planting. Flower buds after transplanting can take root one week later. You can use rooted flower buds to grow plants, increase the number of plants, and ultimately increase economic efficiency. Tissue culture was performed with organs such as young leaves, filaments, and flower buds. The method is to induce the young organ to produce the callus first, then use the appropriate culture medium to grow into young plants under the suitable condition of temperature, humidity and phosgene. The young seedlings are then planted in a nutrient bowl, cultivated into seedlings for a period of time, and then planted. However, this method has not yet been widely accepted. In addition to the four methods described above, other methods can also be used to propagate Hemerocallis fulva. Individual clone plants can be divided into thin slices with growing points and roots, and can be divided again after about 6 months of planting. When dividing, these plants cannot be less than 1/4 of the original plant. Another method is to cut the top of the corolla, use plant growth regulators to enhance the vitality of the cut plants, carry out ex vitro culture to promote rooting, and then plant. The planting of geranium plants is mostly carried out before germination in early spring in early March. Although the requirements for soil of Sphaerotheca fuliginea are not strict, they can grow for many years after planting, so the choice of planting sites should be emphasized. It is best to use flat ground or water sources with low groundwater level and well-irrigated slopes, with good drainage, loose soil, and deep soil layers. Newly reclaimed land must be fully weathered or organic fertilizers applied to increase its organic matter content. The land should be leveled. Due to the strong ability of the flowering grass to plant grass, the plant spacing should be kept between 40 and 50 cm. Digging holes planted, points for the triangle, planting 3 to 5 strains. Planting should not be too deep or too shallow, too deep or too slow, but it is too fast for shallow tillers, but it grows more thin and weaker. Generally, the planting hole is more than 30 cm deep, and the basal fertilizer is applied to 15 to 20 cm from the ground, and the earth-covered soil is compacted after planting. 500-600 kilograms of human fecal urine per acre are used to apply seedlings to ensure survival. Management and Fertilization The long flowering period of Valeriana grandis requires a large amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In addition to sufficient base fertilizer (preferably decomposed cow dung or pig manure) during planting, fertilization should be based on the needs of different developmental stages. . When the nitrogen is sufficient, it can promote the robust growth of the plants and the leaves increase. Phosphorus can promote the growth of roots, enhance the ability to deliver, facilitate the transfer from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, enhance the ability to sprout, and promote drought resistance, cold resistance, disease resistance, and improve quality. When the supply of potassium is sufficient, the plant tissue is tough, grows robustly, and has strong resistance to diseases. In the middle and late stages, the calyx can be cultivated neatly and stoutly, the flower buds develop hypertrophy, and the sprouting force is enhanced. Therefore, pre-flowering and flowering should be top-dressed twice. Each time fertilization is based on quick-acting fertilizers. In combination with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizers must not be applied. Can also be sprayed with 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate to promote flower hypertrophy, and can achieve the effect of prolonged flowering. Irrigated Ivy grasses have stronger drought resistance and require less water during the vegetative growth period. Therefore, we should irrigate the local climate, soil, and water conditions according to the water requirements of each growth and development period of the grasses. After the new seedlings are transplanted, the soil water holding capacity needs to be maintained from 70% to 80%, and the drought should be watered in time. Seedlings are small and the water requirement is small. From the beginning of reproductive growth, the water requirement gradually increases. If water shortage occurs at this time, it will affect the growth. The flower buds must always keep the soil moist and prevent the buds from falling off due to drought. Generally, they are watered once every other week. Watering should be done by pouring water and pouring it well. It is better to use morning and evening. In July and August, the amount of rain is heavy, and it is necessary to drain water and prevent flooding. Pre-winter water should be irrigated to ensure that the seedlings will be early in the coming year. Weeding should be cultivated and weeded immediately after planting and seedling period. In the seedling stage, the cultivator should be shallow and shallow, and the cultivator should be deepened with the increase of the seedling age. Before the spring seedlings are unearthed, a shallow soil is loosened. After emerged, the seedlings shall be smashed 3 to 4 times in a timely manner to achieve the dual purposes of weed control and drought control. Weeding and weeding should be carried out when the soil moisture is moderate, and the leaves can be stopped after covering the land. Timely removal of weeds from weed grass fields, if the weeds are susceptible to pests and diseases, affect the growth and appearance of barnyardgrass. Weeding can be done not only with traditional manual weeding, but also with herbicides that are suitable for large flowering grasses. Sethoxydim (also known as sethoxydim) is a selective pre-emergence stem and leaf treatment agent that can control grassy weeds such as barnyardgrass, wild oats, green foxtail, goosegrass, bermudagrass, etc.; Penoxalin), also known as pendimethalin, is a selective pre-emergence soil treatment agent. It is effective for the control of annual narrow-leaved weeds and some broad-leaved weeds, such as crabgrass, goosegrass, setaria, and maimai. , Precocious pods and other annual grass weeds and broadleaf weeds such as alfalfa, cockroach, ficus, Spicygrass, mustard, etc.; metolachlor, also known as metolachlor, is a selective herb pre-dryland soil treatment agent. It is used to control annual weeds such as barnyardgrass, crabgrass, goosegrass, green foxtail, and thrush, as well as to treat some small-grained broad-leaved weeds and crushed rice such as leeks, purslane, leek, spicy grass, and chinensis. The sedges have poor control on perennial weeds and most broad-leaved weeds; fluazifop-buthyl, post-emergence herbicides for stems and leaves, and control of one-year, perennial grass weeds are effective. Leaf weeds and sedges are not effective. In addition, there are Surflan, Snapshot and so on, all of which can be used to control weeds in the alfalfa weeds. Pest and disease control rust, leaf spot, and leaf blight are diseases that can easily occur. Rust is a fungal disease. It is a major disease in the middle and late stages of valerian. It began in early May and was most severe from June to July. It did not gradually stop until October, damaging leaves and floral moss. The leaves produce a small amount of yellow powder spots at the beginning of the leaves, and then gradually spread to the whole leaf, resulting in the whole plant withered. When the disease occurs, it can be sprayed with triadimefon, diuretic and other bactericides to prevent and treat. Leaf spot is caused by Fusarium fungi, which is the main disease in the seedling stage of the grass. It begins to develop from the end of March to early April, and peaks in the middle to late April to mid-May. It often occurs in the middle of both sides of the main vein of the leaf. After the perforation, the transport of water and nutrients is interrupted. The tip of the leaf is first dried and the whole leaf is wilted and dead. Can be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture or lime sulfur for control. Leaf blight is caused by pathogenic fungi of Staphylococcus spp., which is the seedling stage disease that occurs after leaf spot disease. The disease usually begins in early May and is most severe in the middle and early June. It mainly damages the leaves and also harms the floral moss. From the time of seedling onset, the middle edge of the leaves initially developed water-stained spots, then gradually spread upwards and downwards to form brown streaks, and finally to grayish white, with severe leaves dead. Can be used 50% carbendazim 600 to 800 times liquid spray, can also be sprayed before and after Ching Ming Bordeaux solution to control. The main pests of valerian are spider mites and aphids. The red spider is a small, spider-like red insect, mainly sucking juice on the back of the blade and causing grayish white spots. It can be controlled by 40% dimethoate emulsion, 20% lanolin lipid wettable powder, etc. The locusts mainly occurred in May. They first harmed the leaves and then sucked on the buds. The damaged buds are thin and easy to fall off. It can be controlled with lime sulfur, 40% dimethoate emulsion, 25% marathon oil, tobacco lime water, etc. In addition, in the breeding experiment of giant sage, it was found that from May to August, the damage of snails to E. grandis was serious, and prevention and control measures should be done in time.

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