Single-season rice major physiological obstacles and prevention techniques

Rice has caused various physiological obstacles due to unfavorable environmental conditions at various fertility stages or due to improper cultivation and management. In our area, there are mainly rotten lice, hair stiffness, early ear, premature senescence, heads of rice cultivars, and pods and pods. Each year, an area of ​​about 8000 to 10,000 mus of physiological disorders is found in a single night, which not only affects the normal growth of rice, but also seriously affects it. Yield and quality. First, rotten roaches occur in the seedling stage, including rotten species, rotting buds and dead seedlings. Rotten planting refers to the failure of germination when the Blind Valley is planted. The main reason is that the rice loses its germination power, that is, the grain cannot germinate. The rotten bud refers to the death of the bud when it has fallen from the field. The main reason for this was the improper control of water in Putian. After the fall of the buds, the deep water flooded the buds, the buds were protracted, the roots were not in the mud, the tops were heavy, the roots turned upside down, and they turned into “bad feet”. At this time, the sprouts were weak and vulnerable. The bacteria invade, causing rotting buds. There are two types of dead seedlings, yellow and dry, and usually yellow dead seedlings often occur in the 2-leaf stage, and the seedlings are often reduced in size. The seedlings are slowly attacked at low temperatures and cause metabolic disorders in the body. The result is from old leaves to young leaves. , gradually yellowing and dead, called "skinned dead." The base of the seedlings is mostly parasitic and rot. Therefore, the roots are easily detached when the seedlings are pulled out. Most of the dry dead seedlings occurred in the 3-leaf stage. The seedlings were affected by low temperature, and the roots were weak and affected by pythomycetes. The water was not timely flooded after the storm, which exacerbated the physiological water loss and death of the seedlings. The diseased seedlings began to curl and wilted from the young part of the heart, and stained green, and then the whole plant withered and died. It was called "center of death." Since the base of the seedlings had not yet rotted, the roots of the hand-pulled seedlings would not be separated. The reason why dead seedlings mostly occurred in the period of 2 to 3 leaves is that the seedlings in "weaning period" have the weakest resistance. The key to preventing rotting is to master scientific breeding techniques. The first is to select good varieties with strong cold-resistance and disease resistance, and determine the appropriate sowing date, seedling age, and seeding rate according to the variety characteristics and different previous crops. The second is to improve the quality of seed germination, so that "high temperature (36 ~ 38 °C) dew white, moisture (25 ~ 30 °C) germination, cooling (15 ~ 20 °C) thin to practice good buds", to promote the buds Qi Qi, Uniform, short, strong. The third is to promote the use of dry farming and dry water to do the flooding of paddy fields (semi-humid fields), requiring moderate hardness and softness of the sampan, and the use of coverings after the collapse. The fourth is scientific management of water to prevent rot. Advocate wet cultivation, soak irrigation ditch water after sowing, keep the weirs moist, and promote rapid rooting. From the 2nd to the 3rd leaf stage, it is possible to gradually deepen and update the water layer after irrigation with "thin skin water". The fifth is rational fertilization, so that the base fertilizer is stable, and the top dressing is early and light, and heavy dressing is started 3 to 4 days before transplanting. Second, the stiffness of fattening rice often occurs before transplanting. The diseased plants were blocked due to hair roots, and the emergence of leaves and tillers was slow, the leaves were deflated, the growth was thin, the number of panicles was reduced, and the number of panicles was small, which affected the yield. (I) Poisoning After the stiffening of the rice, the brown rot of the roots was shown to be stiff, and the growth of the small, short, yellow, and thin plants was blocked. In terms of prevention measures, special attention should be paid to the application of decomposed organic fertilizers and the prevention of excessive poisoning caused by excessive usage. For those fields that have become stiff, they should immediately drain the water, increase oxygen, promote the decomposition of floating soils and organic fertilizers, remove the poisons, and do the dehydration and water supply to help the rice roots root and rise. (B) The lack of phosphorus stiffness in rice, phosphorus starvation, slow growth, new roots, small roots, weak elasticity, diseased plants are clustered, leaves straight loquat leaves dark green or gray-green, sheath, leaf length imbalance, the occurrence of childbirth Late or not, the rice seedlings are dark purple in the distance. To prevent the occurrence of phosphorus deficiency, the key is to apply phosphate fertilizers. For example, Putian Ji applies calcium phosphate at 40 kg per mu; when planting rice, it applies phosphate fertilizer at 25 kg per mu. In addition, drainage drainage, active roots, can increase the absorption of phosphorus. (III) Shortage of potassium and stiffness After rice became stiff, there were red spots on the leaves and farmers called rust rice. The growth of the diseased plants was halted, the plant type was short, the tillers were few, the leaves were dark green, and red spots of different sizes appeared, and finally the whole leaves withered. At the same time, rice roots have less aging and new roots. As the absorption capacity of rice roots decreases, the amount of potassium absorbed decreases, and growth is in a stagnant state. To prevent shortage of potassium, we must adhere to the principle of “preventing the combination of prevention and treatment for the main”. First of all, it is necessary to prevent cultivating excessive amounts of phytotoxicity resulting in physiological potassium deficiency. Second, it is necessary to implement crop rotation to improve soil physical and chemical properties. Third, when potassium deficiency is found to be stiff, supplemental potassium fertilizer such as potassium chloride or potassium sulfate is immediately applied. Third, do a good job in the management of water slurry, lay waste water in a timely manner, and dry it several times to improve soil aeration and prevent or reduce the occurrence of potassium deficiency disease. Third, premature aging refers to the late growth period of rice (heading to maturity), and the plant is "premature aging." The diagnosis must be differentiated from the "pathological premature aging" caused by the invading bacteria. The leaf color of the diseased plant was initially orange or brown, and gradually yellowed afterwards. The pale tip of the leaf was dead and the leaf was thin and curved. Underground roots grow weak, or brownish and decaying. Premature aging increases the grain size and reduces grain weight, affecting yield. There are many causes of premature senescence. In terms of cultivation, long-term delirium and repositioning, or due to high fat and high density, and mid-term long-term decile, are all important causes of premature aging. At the same time, premature aging is also related to the effects of breed characteristics and adverse climatic conditions. Generally, the leaf thickness of dwarf varieties is increasing at a small rate, so the upper leaves are relatively thin, and the water in the leaves tends to produce an unbalanced state, resulting in loss of water and premature decline of leaves. Varieties in which ventilated tissues are well developed and late root vigor are not susceptible to premature aging. In bad weather conditions, such as hot air, cold waves, etc. will promote premature leaf failure. To prevent premature senility, the rice varieties with strong root activity, thick upper leaves, and well-developed aerenchyma were selected. In the management, we must strengthen the management of the middle and later-stage fertilizers and waters to see if the seedlings are planted with good panicle fertilizer or strong grain fertilizers to prevent mid-term delirium and premature senescence in the later stages; in particular, “low dew irrigation” should be done, and water should be dehydrated to prevent premature aging of the roots. Achieving root protection leaves, prompting the active root system, stalk green leaves. Fourth, empty, empty shells in the valley are caused by failure to fertilize flowers after heading. Seya is a ovary that stops development after fertilization, or stops filling of the endosperm during grain filling, or rice grains are immature and die, resulting in full-grain and half-saturated dead rice. How much empty valley has a great impact on production. The main reasons for empty valleys are first, climatic conditions, including temperature, sunshine, rainfall, wind speed, etc., of which the greatest impact is temperature; the daily average temperature of rice in safe full heading season needs more than 20°C if it meets below 20°C. Low temperatures and high temperatures above 35°C are all detrimental to fertilization. The optimum temperature during rice filling is 21–25°C. Low temperatures are also unfavorable for grain filling. The second is the cultivation conditions. The nutrient supply level of the rice plant during the fertility period has great influence on the formation of empty and silt valleys. During the grain-filling period, poor paddy drainage or frequent irrigation of deep water will increase the reducibility of the soil and cause premature aging of black roots, which will increase the empty space. If the water is cut off early after the fruit is established, the vitality of the root and functional leaves will be weakened and the valley will be increased. To prevent the occurrence of anomalies in the air and valleys, we must first select varieties with good fruitfulness, resistance to stress, and strong vigor. At the same time, we must seize the appropriate time sowing and transplanting on the cultivation, safety, and ear to prevent the emergence of early ear or ear; good fertilizer and water management, prevent premature closure of the medium-term, affect the ventilation and light, late plant greed or premature aging, Causes malnutrition. To make rice always maintain root vitality and more functional leaves, reduce the rate of open space, increase grain weight, and thus increase the yield per unit area.

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