The construction of the laboratory, whether it is a new construction, expansion or reconstruction project, is not simply to purchase reasonable equipment, but also to consider the overall planning, rational layout and graphic design of the laboratory, as well as power supply, water supply and gas supply. Infrastructure, basic conditions such as ventilation, air purification, safety measures, and environmental protection. Therefore, the construction of the laboratory is a complex system engineering. In modern laboratories, advanced scientific instruments and superior and perfect laboratories are the necessary conditions for upgrading the level of modern science and technology and promoting the growth of scientific research results. "People-oriented, people and the environment" has become a topic of great concern to people. In the "safe, environmentally friendly, practical, durable, beautiful, economic, excellence, leading", the planning and design concept. The planning and design is mainly divided into six aspects: graphic design system, single structure functional design system, water supply and drainage design system, electronic control system, special gas distribution system, and harmful gas output system. The following is explained in the following six aspects.
First, the graphic design system
Graphic design We mainly consider the following factors:
1. Evacuation, evacuation, escape, smooth, unobstructed, safe passage; general laboratory doors are mainly opened inward, but if there is a room with explosion hazard, the door should be opened outwards, and the material of the door should be selected from pressure glass.
2, ergonomics (front and rear working space), the perfect coordination of equipment and scientific and technological workers operating space scope reflects the scientific and humanized planning and design.
When doing graphic design, the first factor to consider is “safetyâ€. The laboratory is the most vulnerable place for explosions, fires, gas leaks, etc. When we are doing graphic design, we should try our best to keep the laboratory ventilated and the escape route is smooth. According to international ergonomic standards. We make the following divisions for reference: (see the picture below)
Bench and bench channel division standard (channel spacing is indicated by L)
When L>500mm, one can stand and operate;
When L>800mm, one can sit and operate;
When L>1200mm, you can sit on one side while standing on the side, and you can't pass the middle;
When L>1500mm, you can sit on both sides, and you can pass in the middle;
When L>1800mm, you can sit on both sides, and you can pass the instrument in the middle.
The platform and instrument platform should not be too close to the wall, and 400mm from the wall is appropriate. In order to be easily evacuated when work is dangerous, the aisles between the test benches should all lead to the corridor. Another: the height of the laboratory building should be 3.7 meters - 4.0 meters, the net height should be 2.7 meters - 2.8 meters, the clean height, pressure gradient, constant temperature and humidity and other special requirements of the laboratory net height should be 2.5 meters - 2.7 meters (excluding the ceiling); the laboratory corridor should be 2.5 meters to 3.0 meters wide. The average laboratory double door width is 1.1 meters to 1.5 meters (asymmetric side door), and the single door width is 0.8 meters to 0.9. Rice is suitable.
3. Professional discipline functions. Laboratories are usually classified by physics, inorganic chemistry, organic synthetic chemistry, and biology. According to the content, use and scale of the laboratory, each has its own characteristics, such as the basic teaching laboratory, according to the disciplines, most of the simple teaching experiments are less demanding on water and electric wind, and the research institutions are in the laboratory. Ventilation, water supply and drainage, electric control and cleanliness are all required, but the basic principles of laboratory design are common. Taking organic chemistry as an example, mainly from basic chemical laboratories, instrumental analysis laboratories, clean laboratories, It consists of an electronic computer room, a research room, an auxiliary laboratory, and a service supply room.
The basic laboratory of chemistry mainly conducts experiments such as capacity analysis, ion measurement, redox reduction, etc. The general design equipment includes: test bench and washing station; fume hood and pipeline repair well; test bench with reagent rack and auxiliary workbench, It is necessary to consider the research space or computer desk located in the laboratory, medicine cabinets, utensil cabinets, equipment and equipment for landing, and first-aid devices.
The instrument analysis laboratory mainly sets up various large-scale precision analytical instruments, and also includes ordinary small analyzers. The general design equipment includes: instrument table, test bench, fume hood, sky platform, computer table, gas bottle cabinet, washing table. , utensil cabinets, medicine cabinets, first-aid devices, universal exhaust hoods, atomic absorption hoods, etc. The requirements for various instrumental analysis laboratories are listed below for reference.
Various instruments analysis laboratory requirements table
Laboratory name | Requirements for each room |
Gas chromatography Analysis room | Mainly for the analysis of liquid organic compounds and gaseous samples that are easily converted to gaseous without decomposition. The instrument equipment mainly includes gas chromatograph, computer control system and data processing system. It has high degree of automation and high-efficiency separation ability for organic compounds. The carrier gases used are: H 2 , N 2 , Ar, He, CO 2 , etc. . However, for high-boiling compounds, the separation of hard-to-volatile and thermally unstable compounds, ionic compounds, and polymers is ineffective. Local exhaust is required and direct sunlight is avoided on the instrument to avoid the existence of electric and magnetic fields that affect the normal operation of the circuit system. General design: instrument table (should be away from the wall for instrument maintenance), universal exhaust hood, computer station (generally in the instrument) Side table configuration), side table, washing station, reagent cabinet, etc. |
Liquid Chromatography Analysis room | Mainly reflected in high-efficiency separation, separation of complex organic compounds to obtain pure compounds, quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, instrumentation equipment mainly include: high performance liquid chromatography, suitable for high boiling compounds, difficult to volatile compounds, heat labile compounds, Ionic compounds, polymers, etc., make up for the shortcomings of gas chromatography. Environmental and laboratory basic equipment design requirements are similar to gas chromatographic chambers. |
Mass spectrometry chamber | Mainly for the qualitative analysis of pure organic matter, to achieve the determination of molecular weight, molecular formula, molecular structure of organic compounds, the analysis of samples can be gas, liquid, solid, the main equipment is mass spectrometer, gas-mass spectrometer. Mass spectrometer is an instrument that uses the principle of electromagnetism to separate the ions of a substance according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the base feature (ie, the ratio of mass m to charge e - m/e). The disadvantage is that the complex organic mixture The separation is powerless. The gas chromatography has high separation efficiency and simple quantitative analysis. Combined with the high sensitivity of the mass spectrometer and strong qualitative analysis ability, the two instruments are combined with gas-mass spectrometer. Can complement each other to improve the quality and efficiency of analysis. The mass spectrometer may have mercury vapor escaping, taking into account local exhaust. |
Spectral analysis room | The chemical analysis is mainly established in the field of analytical chemistry based on the physical characteristics of the material that absorbs and scatters light and the physical properties of the emitted light. The main instruments are atomic emission spectrometer, atomic absorption spectrometer, spectrophotometer, atomic fluorescence spectrometer, fluorescence spectrophotometer, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, infrared spectrometer, inductively coupled plasma (LCP) spectrometer, Raman spectrometer and so on. The laboratory should be kept away from the chemical laboratory as much as possible to prevent acid, alkali, corrosive gases and other damage to the instrument, away from the radiation source; indoors should be dust-proof, shock-proof, moisture-proof and other measures. There must be a certain distance between the instrument table and the window and the wall to facilitate the debugging and maintenance of the instrument. Local exhaust should be designed. It is more appropriate to use an atomic absorption hood for exhausting air. |
In the above laboratory, the sample processing room can be set according to actual needs. Generally, there are washing stations, test benches, fume hoods and the like, similar to chemical laboratories.
The clean laboratory mainly uses artificial means to control the dust, bacteria concentration, temperature and humidity and pressure in the indoor air to achieve the required environmental parameters such as cleanliness, temperature and humidity, and airflow speed. Air cleanliness refers to the degree of dust in the clean air environment, and the level of air cleanliness is divided by the dust concentration. Cleanliness refers to the total particles of dust particles with a particle size of ≥ 0.5 um per liter of air. China's air cleanliness standards are divided into: 100, 1000, 10,000, and 100,000. International standards are divided into: Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, Level 4, Level 5. The clean room groups and their relationship are as shown:
Clean room composition
The clean room generally implements two-level isolation. The first-level isolation is realized by biological safety cabinets, negative pressure isolators, positive pressure protective suits, gloves, eye masks, etc.; the secondary isolation is realized by the laboratory construction, air conditioning purification and electrical control system. However, due to the small air volume required for purifying the air conditioner, the air volume is estimated according to the large estimate. Generally, it must exceed the specification. The material is more than 100 grades. The hot and cold load may be estimated when the requirements are not very strict. The unit can be used directly. Level 2 to Level 4 biosafety laboratories should implement two levels of isolation. General laboratory equipment includes: ultra-clean workbench, biosafety cabinet, sideboard or stainless steel console, washing station, etc.
Taking PRC laboratory as an example (PCR or polymerase chain reaction) is a routine method for molecular biology research and experiment, and it is also an experimental technique widely used in biology and medical clinical fields. It is characterized by a large increase in trace amounts of DNA. The laboratory is usually divided into four areas, namely: reagent storage and preparation area, sample preparation area, amplification reaction mixture preparation and amplification area, and amplification product analysis area (if used). Fully automatic analyzer, the area can be combined appropriately). Access to each area must be carried out in exactly the same direction, with different work areas using different work clothes (eg different colours). Work clothes should not be taken out when the staff member leaves.
Reagent storage and preparation room (specimen preparation area), the instrument is mainly equipped with: refrigerated centrifuge, biological safety cabinet, refrigerator, movable UV lamp, automatic nucleic acid protein purification instrument, special overalls and work shoes. The amplification reaction mixture preparation and amplification zone are configured with a refrigerator, a high-speed centrifuge, a clean bench, a PCR instrument (requiring a negative pressure state), a movable ultraviolet lamp, a micro-sampler, a nucleic acid amplification instrument, and the like. The amplification product analysis area is mainly equipped with: pipette, oscillator, ultra-clean workbench, capillary electrophoresis apparatus, refrigerator, centrifuge, micro-sampler, movable UV lamp, and the like. The PCR laboratory design scheme is shown below:
PCR laboratory floor plan
Electronic computer room and research room, electronic computer and our life are the most closely related, mainly considering air conditioning heat dissipation, power supply voltage and other issues. The equipment is mainly equipped with a keyboard instrument. The research institute is mainly for the researcher's office, and the requirements for our laboratory equipment are low. I will not explain much here.
Auxiliary laboratory: mainly has a balance room, a high temperature room, a pure water room, a gas cylinder room, a storage room, a solution preparation room, a dark room, and the like. Balance chamber, analytical balance is a common instrument used in chemical laboratories. High-precision balances have certain requirements on the environment, mainly due to airflow and wind speed . The balance chamber should be close to the chemical laboratory for easy use, but not suitable for high greenhouses. Rooms with strong electromagnetic interference are adjacent. High precision microbalances should be located on the bottom layer. No washing table or any pipe shall be placed in the balance chamber to prevent the leakage of the pipe from affecting the maintenance and use of the balance. High-temperature greenhouses , high-temperature furnaces and incubators are standing equipment, generally placed on high-temperature workbench, but extra-large thermostats must be placed on the ground, and high-temperature furnace thermostats must be placed separately. Pure water room , mainly designed experimental equipment; side table and washing station. Modern laboratories use deionized water, which has a large amount of water and can guarantee water quality. Ground drain is required on the ground. In the gas cylinder room , except for non-combustible gases (nitrogen, carbon dioxide) and inert gases (argon, helium, etc.), other gases have high-pressure, highly toxic, oxidative decomposition, explosion and other dangerous gases, such as flammable gases. Hydrogen, carbon monoxide; highly toxic gases are fluorine gas, chlorine gas; combustion gas is oxygen, etc., these gases must not be used in laboratories. It can be connected to each laboratory through a pipe. A solution preparation chamber for preparing various standard solutions and solutions of different concentrations. Under the conditions allowed, it can be composed of two rooms, one of which has a sky platform. The other is used as a preparation reagent and storage reagent, generally should be configured: fume hood, laboratory bench, reagent cabinet.
The service supply part is a place for basic and auxiliary laboratories, such as a pressure cooker room and a water and electric auxiliary room. We only need to understand a little.
4. The total number of laboratory staff;
5. Equipment layout;
6. Professional design of work procedures and processes;
The first part is the graphic design. Party A (users) first come up with the most basic functional requirements and distribution plans. Party B (Design Institute), Party C (Laboratory Planning and Design Professional Company) and Party A participate in the laboratory construction design team. To discuss together, the three parties jointly confirmed the latter to enter the second procedure. Because the traditional laboratory building design is based on national building standards, it is mainly based on exterior and indoor structures. It is not based on laboratory functions, and the architectural design and functional design are out of touch. Our company has many lessons in this regard. For example, Guangdong Medical College, the contract was signed for two years because the site did not meet the installation conditions, and it was not installed.
The second part is a single function, single structure design, should be determined item by item, piece by piece, layer by layer, from the whole building, layered, divided rooms, sub-piece design, comprehensive subdivision confirmation;
The third part, after all confirmation, invites the senior leaders of the user to participate in the laboratory construction demonstration meeting, and makes decisions on the spot; Party A invites Party B and Party C's project supervision to strictly supervise the installation and standard implementation of the construction process to track the laboratory construction project. Successful completion; construction laboratory planning and design and product tendering are divided into two parts; bidding: A, design is the first part; B, product standard is the second part; building decoration, purification, basic equipment is divided into three majors, not mixed , the general contract, different professions, respectively, bidding, and then the successful bidding of the three parties, the renovation and purification projects first, after the acceptance of the inspection, the laboratory infrastructure will enter the stage of responsibility clear responsibility, assume responsibility, all the three centralized inspections at the time of completion, the basic equipment part is Product testing standards, testing is different from the first two projects, there is a big difference can not be treated the same.
7. The ground and walls are ventilated smoothly to prevent dead ends. The indoor corners are as free as possible, easy to care, and simple.
Second, a single structure function design system
Different professions use different laboratory-specific basic equipment. The series products are divided into five parts: A, experimental bench part; B, instrument part; C, functional cabinet part; D, instrument and equipment part; E, output system part;
A, the experimental bench section
1. Classification of the experimental bench:
1 The experimental bench is divided into: physical test bench (mainly used for electronics, electrical and physical experiments); chemical test bench (mainly used for organic and inorganic chemical experiments); biological test bench (mainly used for purifying sterilizing) Experiments, such as simple dissection tables, stainless steel consoles, etc.);
2 According to the structure and style, it is divided into: MM (composed of steel support frame, base box, countertop, reagent frame, connecting parts and accessories) MR (base box, table top, reagent rack, connecting parts and accessories).
3 According to the use, it can be divided into: central experimental bench, side bench test bench, washing test bench, reagent rack, base box and experimental bench.
2, the classification of the base box:
The base box can be divided into: steel wooden base box, aluminum wooden base box and all-wood base box.
According to the production process, it is divided into: steel European base box (that is, the door panel is connected with the side panel), and the steel American base box (that is, the door panel is embedded in the base box)
According to the style, it can be divided into: movable base box, floor type base box and hanging type base box. Among them, the movable base box and the hanging base box are used for the MM model. Floor-standing base box for MR models. The steel wooden base box is newly developed by our company. The side panels and door panels are made of steel. Others such as laminate, top plate, drawer bottom plate and maintenance plate are made of wooden material. It is safe, fireproof, cost-effective, and glassware. It is not easy to break when placed. All wood is not suitable for making hanging base boxes and washing tables.
B. Instrumentation part: load-bearing, stability, anti-interference, high electrical control requirements, strict gas distribution, safe, reliable, convenient and easy to manage; load-bearing: 500Kg or more. Mainly used in instrumental analysis laboratories such as spectroscopy, chromatography, and atomic analysis laboratories. The main products are: standard instrument table, spectrum instrument table, chromatographic instrument table, microscope table, connected instrument table, sky platform, computer station, high temperature instrument table, teaching table function cabinet part:
Functional cabinet is part of the first two parts of the service, storage, features important part of safety, environmental issues; an all-wood and wood divided; reagents, pharmaceuticals, volatile drugs, radioactive drugs, virulent, flammable cultivation There are basically three kinds of storage functions:
1. General performance medicine cabinet; 2. Volatile medicine storage cabinet;
3. Special cabinet for dyeing agent; 4. Anti-radiation medicine cabinet;
5, flammable storage cabinets (fire cabinets); 6, file cabinets (data cabinets);
7, locker (brake wardrobe); 8, culture cabinet;
9. Specimen cabinet; 10. Instrument cabinet;
11. Soda ash cabinet; 12. Sulfuric acid cabinet;
13, aseptic cabinet.
D, instrument equipment part:
1. Fume hood; 2. Biological safety cabinet;
3, ultra-clean workbench; 4, warewashing machine (automatic)
5, the drug safety storage cabinet; 6, intelligent intensive cabinet;
7. Dissection table; 8. Picking table;
9, induction function cabinet. 10, volatile medicine cabinet
E. Harmful gas output part. It will be explained in detail in later chapters, and will not be repeated here.
Third, water supply and drainage design system
The water supply and drainage design system is mainly for the early laboratory building design services. Provide the upper and lower water points of the experimental platform for the architectural design institute. The nozzle is divided into a jet nozzle and a slow nozzle, and the single nozzle (MBs-016) is a rapid nozzle. Generally with PP sink (MBc-032). Double nozzle (MBs-02) is a slow-flow nozzle, generally with PP sink (MBc-029) specifications. By default we generally configure the customer with a double nozzle. The triple faucet (MBc-01) is an emergency two faucets. Generally with PP sink (MBc-029). Large sink (MBc-031), cupboard for fume hood (MBc-028).
Fourth, the electronic control system
Laboratory power mainly includes two parts: lighting and power. Power supply is mainly used for power supply of various types of equipment and equipment, elevators, air conditioners, etc. The laboratory power supply system is also one of the most basic conditions in the laboratory. Power sockets are: 10A, 13A, 16A, 20A; leakage protection switch, overload protection switch, etc. The power socket should be away from the nozzles of the water basin and gas, hydrogen, etc., and does not affect the placement and operation position of the instrument. The trunking is mainly used for multi-purpose steel trunking (mainly used on reagent racks) and PVC trunking with Spanish sockets (mainly used for side and central countertops).
V. Special gas distribution system
The laboratory gas mainly includes non-combustible gas (nitrogen, carbon dioxide), inert gas (argon gas, helium gas, etc.), flammable gas (hydrogen, carbon monoxide); highly toxic gas (fluorine gas, chlorine gas); combustion gas (oxygen) composition . Except for non-combustible gases and inert gases, other gases shall not be used in the laboratory. It can be connected to each laboratory through the gas pipe. Generally, the gas phase chamber is equipped with helium (He) and nitrogen (N2). The GC/MS is equipped with nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. The connecting pipe fittings on the hydrogen pipeline must be connected and welded. It is strictly forbidden to leak. All pipelines must be airtight after installation and must be degreased before use. Due to the small size of the pipe, the pipe spacing is small, and the installation process can be adjusted according to the site conditions to ensure that the spacing is not less than 45mm. When the gas cylinder is bottled, the flammable and explosive gas and the inert gas are in the same cabinet, and the two flammable gases are sealed in the same bottle.
Sixth, harmful gas output system
In the introduction of the ventilation system we will list separately for analysis.
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