In the production of medicinal herbs, the annual production loss due to pests and diseases reaches 10% to 30%, and in severe years it is as high as 50%. At the same time, the appearance and intrinsic quality of medicinal herbs declines. Because of its small side effects and good environmental compatibility, biopesticides have become a trend and direction of global pesticide development. At present, there are nearly 80 kinds of pesticides registered in China. Biopesticides include plant-derived pesticides, microbial pesticides, antibiotics, and biochemical pesticides. The use of biological pesticides can effectively control pests and diseases without killing natural enemies. The pathogens and pests are not susceptible to resistance. They are non-toxic to humans and animals, are conducive to sustainable development and the production of green Chinese medicinal materials, and can make Chinese herbal medicines smoothly go international. market.
1 Bio-pesticides
1.1 Bt emulsion is Bacillus thuringiensis, an insecticidal bacterium. It is mainly stomach poisoning. It is non-toxic to humans, animals and natural enemies, does not pollute the environment and has no harm to medicinal plants. Insects die after eating and cause sepsis. Formulations are wettable powders (containing 10 billion/g of live spores), available 500 to 1000 times liquid. It is used to prevent and treat various pests such as moths, ulnar bugs, bean moths, bridge insects, cabbage caterpillars, diamondback moths, cotton bollworms, tigers, and earthworms on medicinal plants.
1.2 Abamectin, also known as Qixinsu, efford, Nonghaha, and Zhaiqin, is a broad-spectrum, highly effective macrolide antibiotic with insecticidal, acaricidal and nematicidal activity. Both contact and stomach toxicity, no systemic absorption. Per acre (667 square meters) with avermectin containing 0.5g of active ingredients that can kill pests, is very safe for humans and livestock. The commonly used dosage forms are 1.8% and 1.0% EC, which are used to control rust, cockroach, leaf leaf moth, aphids, etc. of medicinal plants such as alfalfa and bergamot. When used, they are diluted to 2000-5000 times liquid.
1.3 Beauveria bassiana is an insecticidal fungus. After the active spores are contacted with the pests to produce germ tubes, they penetrate into the body and grow into hyphae and multiply, causing the insects to disintegrate metabolically and cause death. The water in the pests is sucked up and becomes stiff. There are powders with live spores of 10 billion/g and 100 billion/g, which can be used to control pests such as pod moths, leaf roller moths, leafhoppers and cockroaches.
1.4 Insect virus preparations have a highly specific parasitic range and are not likely to cause damage to the ecological balance; can form inclusion bodies, especially nuclear polyhedrosis virus and granulsome virus, with good stability; highly toxic to the target insects, can cause Regional insect epidemics; no phytotoxicity to plants, safety tests proved harmless to humans, poultry and aquatic organisms. At present, the insecticidal virus preparations used in production include: cabbage beetle nuclear polyhedrosis virus, cotton bollworm nuclear polyhedron virus, beet armyworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus, small cabbage white butterfly granules virus. The above insect virus preparations can be used to control pests occurring on medicinal plants and have a good input-output ratio and ecological and environmental benefits.
1.5 Diflubenzuron is an insect growth regulator and is a specific insecticide. After the pests come in contact with or after feeding, the synthesis of epidermal chitin is inhibited so that the larvae cannot die and die. The main manifestations are stomach poisoning, but also some contact toxicity, no systemic absorption, special effects on lepidopteran and dipteran larvae, low toxicity, and safety to humans, livestock and natural enemies. The dosage form is 25%, 50% of the rubber suspension agent, diluted to 1500-2000 times to prevent and control moth, caterpillar and gypsy moth.
1.6 Imidacloprid, also known as net, decoction, rehabilitation more, with high efficiency, broad spectrum, low toxicity, low residue and other characteristics, and pests are not easy to produce resistance to humans, livestock, plants, natural enemies security. After the insects contacted the agent, central nerve conduction was blocked and paralysis died, which was contact poison, stomach poison, and systemic insecticide. Formulations are 2.5%, 10% wettable powder and 5% EC, and diluted to 2000-6000 times for the control of aphids, wood lice, leaf roller moth and other pests on medicinal plants.
1.7 Nicotine is an insecticide that is isolated from tobacco. The solution or vapor can infiltrate into the insect body, causing its rapid poisoning and death of nerves, mainly as a contact killing, but also a certain fumigation and stomach toxicity, plant safety, short residual period, a certain degree of toxicity to humans and livestock. The dosage form is mainly 40% nicotine sulfate aqueous solution, which is diluted to 800 to 1000 times when applied, to control medicinal plants such as aphids, leafhoppers, leafhoppers, leaf roller insects, and borerworms.
1.8 Others include Liuyangmycin, Huaguangmycin, Pentazol, smolar, schistosomiasis, microsporidia, cypermethrin, bupropion, matrine and other biological insecticides.
2 Biocides
2.1 Agricultural anti-120 low toxicity to humans and livestock, no residue, no pollution to the environment, the safety of plants and natural enemies, and stimulate the growth of plants. Formulations are 2%, 4% water, spraying with 200 times can prevent powdery mildew, anthrax, blight and other diseases of medicinal plants.
2.2 Polyoxine, also known as polyoxin, is effective against a variety of fungal diseases, has a broad spectrum of bactericidal effects, low toxicity, no residues, no environmental pollution, and is safe for humans, livestock, natural enemies and plants. Formulations are 1.5%, 10% wettable powder, sprayed with 500 to 1000 times liquid can control medical plants of the spot disease, rotenone, gray mold, downy mildew, brown spot and so on.
2.3 Wuyimycin BO-10 is a broad-spectrum, high-efficiency, low-toxic bactericidal agent with strong systemic absorption. It has strong inhibitory activity against fungi, inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria and negative bacteria, and powdery mildew on medicinal plants. , Gray spot, stem blight, and pseudomonas have good control effect and are safe to humans, livestock and natural enemies.
2.4 Agricultural streptomycin has a good effect on bacterial diseases, has a broad bactericidal spectrum, and has a systemic absorption. The dosage form is 10% wettable powder, diluted to 500 to 2000 times liquid spray to prevent bacterial soft rot, rot disease, epidemic disease, downy mildew, and bacterial perforation disease of medicinal plants. It is low toxicity to humans and livestock, but It is highly toxic to fish.
2.5 Others include Jinggangmycin, Kasugamycin, Gongzhulingmycin, Trichoderma, peiomycin, and oxytetracycline.
3 Use the correct method of application
3.1 Concentrated, scientifically-separated bacterial insecticides typically use 2200 to 2500 g of viable spores per hectare with a viable spore count of 10 billion g/g. Large populations of insects, overlapping generations, and inconsistent ages of insects have a large dose per unit area. The interval is short. Bacillus thuringiensis controls Plutella xylostella and P. tabulaeformis at intervals of 10 to 15 days, and prevents and controls S. japonicum at intervals of 5 to 6 days.
3.2 Spraying uniform bio-pesticides is generally based on stomach poisoning. Even spraying can improve control efficiency. Before the powder is used, the amount of the drug is weighed, and a small amount of water is added to stir it into a paste, and then the required amount of water is added; the emulsion is shaken well before use, and the required amount of water is 750 to 1000 kg per hectare of the amount of the drug to be used, and the mixture can be stirred well. . Adding 0.1% detergent powder, saponin or tea seed powder as a sticky agent to the solution helps to improve the spraying effect.
3.3 The correct formulation, mixed use of biological pesticides to kill insects, disease prevention and targeted, pesticides can expand the scope of application and improve drug efficacy, especially in the event of overeating pests, it is necessary. However, it should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides and organic organophosphorus insecticides, and it must not be mixed with fungicides and antivirals. In the mixed use of the formula, it should be used with the use, not long put.
4 Cautions for use
Bacterial pesticides are biological pesticides that have a high insecticidal rate, do not pollute the environment, do not poison humans and livestock, and do not induce pest resistance. However, the insecticidal effect of bacterial pesticides is related to the number and activity of bacteria, and the weather conditions are very strict when used. To improve the effectiveness of bacterial biopesticides, the following issues must be observed when using them:
4.1 Holding the temperature during spraying, it must be controlled at an ideal temperature above 20°C. The secret is that the active ingredient of this pesticide is composed of protein crystals and living spores. Once it is sprayed below the above temperature, , then the spores in the body of the pest reproduction rate is very slow, and protein crystals are also difficult to play its role, often after the show no control effect. According to experimental data, the effect of biological pesticides after spraying at 25-30°C is 1-2 times higher than that at 10-15°C.
4.2 Grasp the humidity The humidity requirements of biological pesticides are also extremely strict. The greater the environmental humidity, the more pronounced the efficacy of pesticides sprayed with biological agents, especially for powdered biological agents. The reason is that the spores of bacteria are extremely resistant to the dry environmental conditions, so the efficacy of the bacteria can only be fully exerted under conditions of high humidity.
4.3 Avoid glare, enhance spore viability, and fully exert efficacy
Ultraviolet rays in sunlight have a lethal killing effect on spores. Scientific experiments show that direct sunlight for 30 minutes will actually kill 50% of the spores. After 1 hour of irradiation, the spores mortality rate is as high as 80%. The spore crystals can also produce deformation and decrement effects. Therefore, to choose to use after 16 o'clock or on cloudy days, the effect will be greatly exerted.
4.4 To avoid heavy rain erosion and timely application of spores are most afraid of heavy rain, so we must pay close attention to the weather forecast; because heavy rain will flush away the sprayed fungus liquid and lose its lethality. If the rain is sprayed for 5 to 6 hours, it will not only reduce the efficacy, but will increase the control effect, because light rain is very beneficial to spore germination.
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