1. The three main branches of the base are too low. At present, in most fruit gardens, the position of the three main branches of the base is about 20-30 cm away from the ground, which affects underground management (soil management, pest control) and affects the quality of the fruit, especially the lower main branch from the underground root system. The distribution is relatively close, and the supply of water nutrients is sufficient, and the growth of the lower branches often occurs, which is correspondingly strong and weak.
2. The growth is uneven. This is because the same main branch in the same year or a year difference is different in strength and intensity, and the difference is obvious. If such branches are not artificially adjusted during the pruning, they will cause arousal. The more prosperous, the weaker the weaker, the greater the disparity of power, the longer and more unbalanced. In particular, it should be emphasized here that some fruit farmers do not consider the strong, weak, weak, and balanced relationship between the main branches when they choose the main branch, but they love the big branches blindly. Choose a large branch, see the big branch to stay, see the big branch in the middle cut, so that the more the branches and forces of the big branches, and even the development will become the "overlord" branch, and finally reach the snake to become a dragon, so that the central trunk also fears its three points .
3. The competition branch is not handled properly. The most outstanding performance at present is on the central trunk, using the competition branch as the main branch. Because the competition branch is the backbone branch or the middle dry extension head, the second bud under the cut, the growth is particularly strong, and it is evenly matched with the first bud under the cut, and its angle with the central trunk or main branch axis is very small. If such branches are not managed and controlled in time in the summer tube, such as germination, topping, twisting, lychee softening, opening angle, etc., it is not necessary to remove or cut the table when winter shearing. If you re-elect it as the main branch, it is a big mistake and a mistake. (It is necessary to pay attention to it. It has been controlled in the summer tube. It has obviously weakened from the growth potential, and it is no longer in the category of competition branches. If this is the case The situation can also be chosen as the main branch). Because if the competition is selected as the main branch, the growth potential is particularly strong, and it is difficult to control it later, and there will be an imbalance in the growth potential between the same layer of main skills; second, it is sandwiched by the central backbone. The base angle is extremely small and difficult to open. Once the amount of fruit has increased dramatically, and when it is subjected to high winds or artificial picking, the base is prone to cracking. Therefore, once it is selected as the main root, it will cause a lot of trouble, and even affect the life of the whole fruit tree. Therefore, correct trimming of the competing branches is a very critical issue in the apple tree shaping pruning technique, second only to the centering or main branch pruning. And because of the improper handling of the competition branch, it is already the most common, most serious, and most headache of the current fruit tree pruning.
4, the main and auxiliary are not divided, too many branches, the skeleton structure is chaotic. Now no matter which orchard you go to, you will find that the main and the auxiliary are not divided, and there are too many branches. Many trees have entered the fruiting period and have not separated the clear skeleton structure. There are two reasons for this phenomenon: First, after the results of the long-term support of the auxiliary branches, they did not retract, dismantle, or even cut the bladder in time, and did not let the air dry from the opening angle and the azimuth angle. It is caused by the fact that the auxiliary branches are getting bigger and bigger, and the main branch is longer and there is no space. From the appearance point of view, the main branches and auxiliary branches are basically the same, almost the same, and the sharpness from the base to the tip is small, that is, the front and back are uniform, such a main branch structure is called in the fruit tree: the skeleton structure is not Firm. The other is that there are several kinds of mistakes in the current rural areas: (1) seeing the branches and making the heads, causing the branches to be long, regardless of the strength of the primary and secondary; (2) playing the main branch. Do not hit the side branches, causing the main branch to expand slowly; (3) the main side branches are not heading or trimming too light, which is caused by the main branches are not prosperous, and the auxiliary branches are not auxiliary. When we trimmed some orchards, we found that some people hit the side branches instead of the main branches. When someone pruned the main branches, they left the extension branches under the length of 90-100 cm, causing the extension branches on the main branches to grow. Very weak, only short and medium branches; at the same time, some people do not hit the main branches and do not hit the side branches when pruning, but also weak in the middle extension branches. All the above practical examples are the direct cause of the main branch is not prosperous, the auxiliary branches are not supplemented, the main and the auxiliary are not divided, and the tree skeleton is chaotic. In addition, it is also an important factor to add some fruit farmers to management and even mismanagement. In the above-mentioned rural pruning methods, although the pruned trees can produce early results and many results in the third and fourth years, after years of long-term release, whether it is the main branch or the auxiliary branch, the base and the middle are often bare. , aging, the school group all moved outwards, such a tree is empty, no branches, the result is lacking, the outer branches are more concealed, the entire canopy is poorly ventilated, when entering the initial fruit period, especially after the fruit period, the tree potential When the growth is weak, the whole tree yield drops sharply. At that time, the main branch is small in size, and there are not many fruits hanging. The auxiliary branches need to be retracted, which is difficult to help.
5, pull branches are generally not in place. Although the fruit tree branches are the main technical measures in the summer tube. But it must be mentioned here, because most of the orchards now have a big mistake, whether they are in the newly planted 1-2 year old garden or in the garden where they entered the early fruit period. Pulling, pulling the branches, regardless of the main and auxiliary, will be pulled to the horizontal or pulled to the drooping state, and even more, the main branch will be turned (toward or deviate from the direction of the original branch axis). There are also individual orchard heads who pull the entire canopy, the head of the central trunk, to the side, directly or seriously affecting the choice of the canopy structure. All of the above are examples and are particularly prominent in production, not a minor issue.
6. The distance between layers is too small. Premature selection of the main layer of the second layer directly causes the spacing between the upper and lower layers to be too small, the ventilation and light transmission are poor, the quality of the fruit is poor, and the amount of the upper branches is increased too fast, and the proportion of the branches is imbalanced, especially for dryness. Particularly strong apples such as Qin Guan and Red Fuji are prone to strong and weak. Moreover, it directly affects the expansion and growth of the lower main branches.
7, the main branch is improperly cut. Improper cutting of the main branches is also the most serious problem currently prevalent in fruit tree pruning, which is manifested in the following five aspects:
(1) The main side is unknown. There are two kinds of pruning methods in the current production, causing the main side to not divide. One is that the main side branches do not start, and strive to pursue early results. The result of such pruning often appears on the sides of a part of the main branch at the same time emitting two strong branches or one side of the back (the back branches are flattened, but the forces are not weak), such a main side branch, 1— After 2 years, there will be a head-on, no matter how strong or weak; the second is that when the main side branch is short, the length of the cut-cut branch is wrong, that is, regardless of the length, regardless of the height, regardless of the length of the cut. All ladders. The correct cutting method is: the main branch should have a long dry side branch, the main branch is higher in position than the side branch, from inside and outside the crown: the main branch is in front and the side branch is in the back (inside).
(2) The main branch extension head is improperly cut every year. Currently, most cut lengths are correct. That is, the first year is about 60-70 cm; after the first year, 40-50 cm is cut every year. However, we found that many people left the length of the main branch extension branch (70-90 cm), which caused the main branch to be weak and compact on the skeleton structure, and the sharpness was too small to form the necessary The ladder structure, without the long branches, together with the first bud of the cut, can not produce long branches, which can not cultivate the side branches, and caused the side branches to be separated in the distance.
(3) The orientation of the side branches on the main branches is not uniform. This phenomenon is almost every tree, but the big tree is currently unable to be saved. It can only be shaped with the branches, because the trees are pruned. For the cutting of young and middle-age trees, especially the newly-planted fruit trees, attention must be paid. The method is that, when trimming the branches of the backbone branches each year, the third shoots under the cuts must be in the same orientation of the third (two) main branches of the same layer.
(4) The treatment of the back branches and competition branches is not timely. After the occurrence of high temperature and rainy weather in summer, the growth of fruit branches and leaves is particularly strong. Due to the stimulation and influence of the pull branches and winter shear wounds, it is easy to germinate some erect long branches on the back of the main branches. If the buds are not timely, When the topping, twisting and pulling branches change direction, dense branches and long branches will be formed. Under special circumstances, individual branches can grow up to 1-2 meters to become fritters. Disturbing the layers, inefficiently consuming a lot of nutrients and moisture, but also affecting the growth of the main branches. Such a branch will develop into a long tree phenomenon on the tree if it is improperly handled during the winter trimming.
(5) Do not pay attention to the matching of the branch group. We said that except for the main branch extension head and side branches, the other branches are treated according to the branch group. The branches must be arranged in a staggered arrangement according to the large, medium and small, and generally occupy the upper, middle (side) and lower parts of the main branch uniformly according to the front small, medium and large. And all the branches are pruned one by one according to the growth strength or fruiting of the whole tree every year. The tree body is reached and maintained stable and productive, and the tree is in a healthy state. As far as the whole province is concerned (especially in the Weibei dryland area), there are still orchards, which are too much for the branches, and the rejuvenation is not enough. As a result, the fruit trees consume too much nutrients every year because of too much flowering. Poor, etc., once the tree is weak, such an orchard will immediately cause or cause a large number of rots, which will cause the danger of destroying the park! At present, most fruit farmers are still very dissatisfied with this issue. They simply do not pay attention to it. They only pay attention to the tree regardless of the tree; they only care about the future and ignore the long-term. I have profound lessons on this. That is to say, when the winter shears leave more flowers, the branches are not updated enough. The most obvious feature after the spring is that the sprouts are late, the germination is less, and the new shoots grow particularly short. If you get rid of the rot in April, when you encounter continuous dry weather in August, the young fruit will turn red, the leaves will fall off, the tree will dry up, and finally the tree will be sawn. In addition, the branch group is the smallest (ie basic) unit of the fruit tree on the fruit tree, especially the fruit tree fruiting period, and is the sum of the result parts. Therefore, the amount of flower buds on the branches of the tree during winter shearing directly determines the weight of the tree in the coming year. Therefore, it indirectly reflects the strong or weak tree growth. In short, the pruning of the branch group belongs to the category of fine pruning, that is to say, the skeleton pruning is the main stage in the early stage, and the branch group pruning is supplemented. After the fruiting period, the branch group becomes the main object of the whole village pruning. However, it must be coordinated with the skeleton structure (trimming) of the entire tree and crown, and the pre-flowering and shearing and thinning and thinning of the fruit, and they can be connected to each other in order to ensure the healthy growth of the fruit trees and maximize the age of the fruit trees. .
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